Iowa Fish Atlas

Native: No

State Rank: SNA 

ITIS Code: 161997          

National Rank:  NNA

Global Rank: G5

Modeled By: Anna Loan-Wilsey

State Range:

The brown trout was introduced into Iowa from Europe in the late 1880’s and are restricted to the Eastern Broadleaf Forest Aquatic Subregion.  Some very limited natural reproduction of this exotic species occurs (Harlan et al. 1987). However, stocking of brown trout by the Iowa Department of Natural Resources is used to maintain its abundance.  Stocking of brown trout fingerlings occurs each year in “put and grow” streams.  Almost all trout streams in Iowa receive brown trout periodically, with some trout streams being stocked only with brown trout (Harlan et al. 1987).

Habitat Affinities:

The brown trout thrives in clear, coldwater streams and lakes to a lesser extent. It is typically found in streams around dense cover, such as submerged logs, undercut banks or in deep water below riffles (Harlan et al. 1987; Pflieger 1997). It can be found in similar places throughout the Midwest where it is stocked.

Predictive Model(s):

Statewide Model: by 8-digit HU [Decision Tree Analysis n=98]

The distribution is based upon existing collection records.

("SUBREGION_" = 2 AND

(( "TEMP_CODE" <= 1 AND "SOIL_TEXT" <= 4) OR

 ( "TEMP_CODE" > 1 AND "GRADSEGR" > 5 AND ("DLINKR" > 2 AND

"DLINKR" <= 3))))

Mississippi River Model:

The distribution is based upon existing collection records and professional review.

("pool" = 'S08' OR "pool" = 'S10' OR "pool" = 'S13')

Overall Prediction:

("SUBREGION_" = 2 AND  (( "TEMP_CODE" <= 1 AND "SOIL_TEXT" <= 4) OR ( "TEMP_CODE" > 1 AND "GRADSEGR" > 5 AND ("DLINKR" > 2 AND "DLINKR" <= 3)))) OR ("pool" = 'S08' OR "pool" = 'S10' OR "pool" = 'S13')

Literature Cited:

Harlan, J.R., E.B. Speaker, and J. Mayhew.  1987.  Iowa fish and fishing.  Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.  323pp.

Pflieger, W.L.  1997.  The fishes of Missouri.  Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City, Missouri.  372 pp.

Data Sources:

Decorah Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Northeast

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Decorah, Iowa.

Guttenberg Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Northeast

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Guttenberg, Iowa.

Iowa Conservation Commission and Iowa Department of Natural Resources.  2002. 

Miscellaneous field notes from fish surveys, 1942, 1961, 1964, 1991.  Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Iowa State University Museum.  1985.  Collection of fishes catalog, 1878-1985.   Iowa

State University, Ames, Iowa.

Lake MacBride Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports. 

Southeast Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Solon, Iowa.

Long Term Resource Monitoring Program.  2002.   Pool 13 database, 1990-2001.  Upper

Midwest Environmental Science Center, Bellevue, Iowa.

Manchester Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Northeast

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Manchester, Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  1983.  Field notes: northeast.  Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  1984.  Field notes: Iowa-Cedar.  Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Mount Mercy College Museum.  2002.  Vertebrate collection database report.  Mount

Mercy College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

Museum of Zoology.  2002.  Division of Fishes collection database.  University of

Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. http://www.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/. (May 2002)

Olson, J.R. 1998.  Historic fish survey database.  Water Quality Bureau, Iowa

Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Wilton, T., K. Krier, and J. Mootz.  2003.  Stream Biological Assessment Database.

Environmental Services Division, Water Quality Bureau, TMDL and Water Quality Assessment Section, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Wunder, G., and S. Bishop. 1993.  Sny Magill Creek Fishery Assessment.  Fish

Management Investigations 1993 Annual Report.  Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Wunder, G., and S.A. Gritters.  1994.  Sny Magill Creek Fishery Assessment.  Fish

Management Investigations 1994 Annual Report.  Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Wunder, G., and J. Jansen. 1997.  Sny Magill Creek Fishery Assessment for 1995 and

1996.  Fish Management Investigations 1997 Annual Report.  Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Additional References:

Allen, K.R.  1951.  The Horokiwi Stream. A study of a trout population.   New Zealand Marine Department Fisheries Bulletin 10, Wellington, New Zealand.  231 pp.

Avery, E.L.  1980.  Wild brown trout streams and their sport fisheries in central Wisconsin.  Pages 21-25 in W. King, editor.  Proceedings of Wild Trout II, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Sept. 24-25, 1979.  Trout Unlimited and Federation of Fly Fishermen.

Avery, E.L.  1995.  Effects of streambank riprapping on physical features and brown trout standing stocks in Millville Creek.  Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Research Report 167.  16 pp.

Becker, G.C.  1983.  Fishes of Wisconsin.  University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. 1052 pp.

Bernatchez, L.  2001.  The evolutionary history of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) inferred from phylogeographic, nested clade, and mismatch analyses of mitochondrial DNA variation.  Evolution 55:351-379.

Brynildson, O.M., V.A. Hacker, and T.A. Klick.  1963.  Brown trout, its life history, ecology and management.  Wisconsin Conservation Department Publication  No.234.  15 pp.

Carlander, K.D.  1969.  Handbook of freshwater fishery biology. Volume One.  Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.  752 pp.

Clay, W.M.  1975.  The fishes of Kentucky.  Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, Frankfort, Kentucky.  416 pp.

Cross, F.B., and J.T. Collins.  1975.  Fishes in Kansas.  University of Kansas  Publications,  Public Education Series No. 3, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.   189 pp.

Douglas, N.H.  1974.  Freshwater fishes of Louisiana.  Claitor’s Publishing Division, Sponsored by Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.  443 pp.

Eddy, S., and J.C. Underhill.  1974.  Northern fishes; with special reference to the upper Mississippi Valley.  University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota.  414 pp.

Elliot, J.M.  1994.  Quantitative ecology and the brown trout habitat.  Oxford University Press, Oxford, England.  304 pp.

Etnier, D.A., and W.E. Starnes.  1993.  The fishes of Tennessee.  University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee.  681 pp.

Frost, W.E., and M.E. Brown.  1967.  The trout.  N.M.N. Collins Co., St. James Place, London.  286 pp.

Gonderson, D.R.  1968.  Floodplain use related to stream and fish populations.  Journal of Wildlife Management 32(3):507-514.

Greeley, J.R.  1932.  The spawning habits of brook, brown and rainbow trout, and the problem of egg predators.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 62:239-248.

Kelly, G., editor.  1986.  Animal habitat relations handbook.  Missouri Department of Conservation and U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Jefferson City, Missouri.  293 pp.

Lee, D.S., C.R. Gilbert, C.H. Hocutt, R.E. Jenkins, D.E. McAllister, and J.R. Stauffer, Jr.  1980.  Atlas of North American freshwater fishes.  North Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh, North Carolina.  867 pp.

Lewis, S.L.  1969.  Physical factors influencing fish populations in pools of a trout stream.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 98:14-18.

MacCrimmon, H R., and B.L. Gots.  1970.  World distribution of brown trout, Salmo trutta: further observations. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 27(4): 811-818.

Maciolek, J.A., and P.R. Needham.  1951.  Ecological effects of winter conditions on trout and trout foods in Convict Creek, California.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 81:202-217.

McFadden, J.T., and E.L. Cooper.  1962.  An ecological comparison of six populations of brown trout, Salmo trutta.   Transactions of the American Fisheries Society  91(1):53-62.

Metcalfe, C D.  1989.  Tests for predicting carcinogenicity in fish.  Reviews in Aquatic Sciences 1 (1):111-129.

Needham, P.R.  1947.  Survival of trout in streams.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 77:26-31.

Page, L.M., and B.M. Burr.  1991.  A field guide to freshwater fishes: North America north of Mexico.  Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. 432 pp.

Pflieger, W.L.  1971.  A distributional study of Missouri fishes.  University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History  20(3):225-570.

Pflieger, W.L.  1989.  The stream resources of Missouri.  D-J Project - F-1-R-28.  Study S-20.  Missouri Department of Conservation, Columbia, Missouri.  

Phillips, G.L., W.D. Schmid, and J.C. Underhill.  1982.  Fishes of the Minnesota region.  University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota.  248 pp.

Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea, and W.B. Scott.  1991.  Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada.  American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 20, Bethesda, Maryland. 183 pp.

Robison, H.W., and T.M. Buchanan. 1988.  Fishes of Arkansas.  University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, Arkansas.  536 pp.

Scott, W.B., and E. J. Crossman.  1973.  Freshwater fishes of Canada.  Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin No. 184, Ottawa, Canada.  966 pp.

Shirvell, C.S., and R.G. Dungey.  1983.  Microhabitats chosen by brown trout for feeding and spawning in rivers. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 112(3): 355-367.

Stoltz, J., and J. Schnell.  1991.  Trout.  Stackpole Wildlife Series.  384 pp.

Stow, C.A., S.R. Carpenter, L.A. Eby, J.F. Amrhein, and R.J. Hesselberg.  1995.  Evidence that PCBc are approaching stable concentrations in Lake Michigan fishes.  Ecological Applications 5:248-260.

Sublette, J.E., M.D Hatch, and M. Sublette.  1990.  The fishes of New Mexico.  University New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico.  393 pp.

Thom, R.H., and J.H. Wilson.  1980.  The natural divisions of Missouri.  Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science  14:9-24.

Thomas, J.D.  1964.  Studies on the growth of trout, Salmo trutta, from four contrasting habitats.  Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 142(3):459-509.

Trautman, M.B.  1981.  The fishes of Ohio.  Revised Edition.  Ohio State University Press in collaboration with the Ohio Sea Grant Program Center for Lake Erie Area Research,  Columbus, Ohio.  782 pp.

Turner, S.E.  1974.  A study of the introduction of brown trout in two Missouri rivers.  

Missouri Department of Conservation D-J Proj. No. F-1-R-23,  Study S-8, Job Numbers 2&3. Final Report. 16 pp.

Wingfield, C.A.  1940.  The effect of certain environmental factors on the growth of brown trout, Salmo trutta (Linnaeus).  Journal of Experimental Biology 17:435-448.

Photo Credits:

Upper Left:       Photo courtesy of the Virtual Aquarium, The Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia.  http://www.cnr.vt.edu/efish/index.html

Upper Right:     Photo courtesy of Dr. Don Beimborn, the Native Fish Conservancy, http://www.nativefish.org