Iowa Fish Atlas

Native: Yes

State Rank: S5

ITIS Code: 162139

National Rank:  N5

Global Rank: G5

Modeled By: Anna Loan-Wilsey

State Range:

The northern pike is widely distributed throughout the northern two-thirds of Iowa (Harlan et al. 1987).  It is occasionally found in man-made lakes and natural lakes but reaches its greatest abundance in the upper reaches of Iowa’s interior rivers including the Big Sioux, Cedar, Des Moines, Iowa, Little Sioux, Shellrock, Wapsipinicon and Winnebago rivers (Harlan et al. 1987).  Northern pike are also found throughout the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers.

Habitat Affinities:

The northern pike mainly inhabits the clear, cool, quiet, and heavily vegetated areas of bays, marshes, lakes, and pools of low-gradient streams and sluggish rivers of the northern United States (Etnier and Starnes 1993; Harlan et al. 1987; Phillips et. al. 1982; Robison and Buchanan 1988; Trautman 1957). Although preferring clear waters, the northern pike has been taken over a wide range of turbidity (Becker 1983).  In Missouri, it reaches highest density in heavily vegetated borrow pits and drainage ditches of the Mississippi River floodplain (Pflieger 1997). 

Predictive Model(s):

Statewide Model: by 8-digit HU [Decision Tree Analysis n=287]

The distribution is based upon existing collection records and professional review.

((("LINKR" > 2 AND "LINKR" <= 3) AND ("MINELEVR" >1 AND "MINELEVR" <= 3) AND "DSIZE_CODE" <= 3 AND "SOIL_TEXT" <=1) OR

 (("LINKR" > 2 AND "LINKR" <= 3) AND ("MINELEVR" >1 AND "MINELEVR" <= 3) AND "DSIZE_CODE" > 3) OR

 (("LINKR" > 2 AND "LINKR" <= 3) AND "MINELEVR" > 4) OR

 (( "LINKR" > 4 AND "LINKR" <= 5) AND ("SOIL_TEXT" > 4 AND "SOIL_TEXT" <= 6 )) OR

 ("LINKR" > 5 AND "LINKR" <= 7))

Mississippi River Model:

The distribution is based upon existing collection records and professional review.

("pool" >= 'S08' AND "pool" <= 'S20')

Missouri River Model

The distribution is based upon existing collection records and professional review.

("pool" >= 'O17' AND "pool" <= 'O19')

Overall Prediction:

((("LINKR" > 2 AND "LINKR" <= 3) AND ("MINELEVR" >1 AND "MINELEVR" <= 3) AND "DSIZE_CODE" <= 3 AND "SOIL_TEXT" <=1) OR (("LINKR" > 2 AND "LINKR" <= 3) AND ("MINELEVR" >1 AND "MINELEVR" <= 3) AND "DSIZE_CODE" > 3) OR

(("LINKR" > 2 AND "LINKR" <= 3) AND "MINELEVR" > 4) OR (( "LINKR" > 4 AND "LINKR" <= 5) AND ("SOIL_TEXT" > 4 AND "SOIL_TEXT" <= 6 )) OR ( "LINKR" > 5 AND "LINKR" <= 7)) OR ("pool" >= 'S08' AND "pool" <= 'S20') OR ("pool" >= 'O17' AND "pool" <= 'O19')

Literature Cited:

Becker, G.C.  1983.  Fishes of Wisconsin.  University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. 1052 pp.

Etnier, D.A., and W.E. Starnes.  1993.  The fishes of Tennessee.  University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee.  681 pp.

Harlan, J.R., E.B. Speaker, and J. Mayhew.  1987.  Iowa fish and fishing. Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa. 323pp.

Pflieger, W.L.  1997.  The fishes of Missouri.  Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City, Missouri.  372 pp.

Phillips, G.L., W.D. Schmid, and J.C. Underhill.  1982.  Fishes of the Minnesota region.  University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota.  248 pp.

Robison, H.W., and T.M. Buchanan. 1988.  Fishes of Arkansas.  University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, Arkansas.  536 pp.

Trautman, M.B.  1981.  The fishes of Ohio.  Revised Edition.  Ohio State University Press in collaboration with the Ohio Sea Grant Program Center for Lake Erie Area Research,  Columbus, Ohio.  782 pp.

Data Sources:

Ackerman, G.L.  1964.  Cedar River survey above Prairie Creek station.  Unpublished

report.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Ackerman, G.L.  1964.  Yellow River survey.  Unpublished report.  Iowa Conservation

Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Barnickol, P.G., and W.C. Starrett.  1951.  Commercial and sport fishes of the

Mississippi River between Caruthersville, Missouri, and Dubuque, Iowa.  Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 25(Article 5):267-347.

Bernstein, N.P., M. Getting, T. Kamp, S. Christian, R. Smith, J. Steele, and S. Steele. 

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Black Hawk Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Northwest

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Lake View, Iowa.

Bovbjerg, R.V., N.L. Pearsall, and M.L. Brackin.  1970.  A preliminary faunal study of

the upper Little Sioux River.  Iowa Academy of Science 77:177-184.

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Clear Lake Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Northwest

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Clear Lake, Iowa.

Cleary, R.E.  1956.  Summary of the cooperative exploratory fishing operations in the

Wisconsin-Illinois-Iowa sections of the Mississippi River- 1956.  Job Description Investigations Projects.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Cleary, R.E.  1958.  Summary of 1958 electro-fishing surveys in pools 9 through 19-

Mississippi River.  Project F-53-R.   Job Description Investigations Projects.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Cleary, R.E., and  J. Hlavacek.  1957.  Summary of 1957 UMRCC exploratory fishing in

pools 8 to13.  Job Description Investigations Projects.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Cleary, R.E., and T.L. Moen.  1961.  The Iowa River chemical eradication study. 

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Ecological Analysts, Inc.  1983.  Operational ecological study in the Cedar River near

Duane Arnold Energy Center, January through December 1983.  EA Report IEL21.  Iowa Electrical Light and Power Company, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

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Southeast Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Fairport, Iowa.

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bottom fauna in the Little Sioux River, Iowa: Completion Report.  Project A-035-IA.  Iowa State Water Resources Research Institute, Ames, Iowa.

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Report 11(1):10-16. 

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Menzel, B.W.  1983.  Field notes: northeast.  Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

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Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Orleans, Iowa.

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Eastern Iowa Basins in Iowa and Minnesota, 1996.  Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4194.  U.S. Geological Survey, Iowa City, Iowa.

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Additional References:

Alldridge, N.A., and A.M. White.  1980.  Spawning site preferences for northern pike (Esox lucius) in a New York marsh with widely fluctuating water levels.  Ohio Journal of Science  80:13.

Buss, K.  1961.  A literature survey of the life history and culture of the northern pike.  Pennsylvania Fish Commission Benner Spring Fisheries Research Station Special Purpose Report.  58 pp.

Carbine, W.F.  1942.  Observations on the life history of the northern pike, Esox lucius L., in Houghton Lake, Michigan.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 71(1941):149-164.

Chihuly, M.B.  1979.  Biology of the northern pike, Esox lucius- Linnaeus, in the Wood River Lakes.  System of Alaska, with emphasis on Lake Aleknagik.  Master’s thesis, Univeristy of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska.  122 pp.

Clay, W.M.  1975.  The fishes of Kentucky.  Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, Frankfort, Kentucky.  416 pp.

Cook, M.F., and E.P. Bergersen.  1988.  Movements, habitat selection and activity periods of northern pike in Eleven Mile Reservoir, Colorado.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 117:495-502.

Cross, F.B., and J.T. Collins.  1995.  Fishes in Kansas.  University of Kansas Natural History Museum, Public Education Series No. 14, Lawrence, Kansas.   315 pp.

Crossman, E.J., and J.M. Casselman.  1987.  An annotated bibliography of the pike, Esox lucius (Osteichthyes: Salmoniformes).  Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.  408 pp.

Douglas, N.H.  1974.  Freshwater fishes of Louisiana.  Claitor’s Publishing Division, Sponsored by Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.  443 pp.

Eddy, S., and J.C. Underhill.  1974.  Northern fishes; with special reference to the upper Mississippi Valley.  University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota.  414 pp.

Franklin, D.R., and L.L. Smith, Jr.  1963.  Early life history of the northern pike, Esox lucius L., with special reference to the factors influencing the numerical strength of yr. classes.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 92(2):91-110.

Gelwicks, G.T.  1995.  Fish movement between the lower Missouri River and a managed floodplain wetland in Missouri.  Master’s thesis. University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. 190 pp.

Hassler, T. J.  1970.  Environmental influences on early development and yearly class strength of northern pike in Lakes Oahe and Sharpe, SO.   Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 99:369-375.

Hokanson, K.F., J.H. McCormick, and B.R. Jones.  1973.  Temperature requirements for embryos and larvae of the northern pike, Esox lucius (Linnaeus).  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 102:89-100.

Holland, L.E., and M.L. Huston.  1984.  Relationship of young-of-the-year northern pike to aquatic vegetation types in backwaters of the upper Mississippi River.  North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 4:514-522.

Hunt, B.P., and W.F. Carbine.  1950.  Food of young pike, Esox lucius, and associated fishes in Peterson's ditches, Houghton Lake, Michigan.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 80:67-83.

Kallemeyn, L.W., and  J. F. Novotny.  1977.  Fish and fish food organisms in various habitats of the Missouri River in South Dakota, Nebraska, and Iowa.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Publication FWS/OBS 77/25, Washington, D.C.  100 pp.

Kelly, G., editor.  1986.  Animal habitat relations handbook.  Missouri Department of Conservation and U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Jefferson City, Missouri.  293 pp.

Lee, D.S., C.R. Gilbert, C.H. Hocutt, R.E. Jenkins, D.E. McAllister, and J.R. Stauffer, Jr.  1980.  Atlas of North American freshwater fishes.  North Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh, North Carolina.  867 pp.

Mizzi, J.A.  1994.  Zooplankton, macroinvertebrate, herptile, and ichthyofaunal biodiversity of riverine habitat on the upper Missouri River.  Master’s thesis, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota.  130 pp.

Page, L.M., and B.M. Burr.  1991.  A field guide to freshwater fishes: North America north of Mexico.  Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. 432 pp.

Pflieger, W.L.  1971.  A distributional study of Missouri fishes.  University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History  20(3):225-570.

Pflieger, W.L.  1989a.  Aquatic community classification system for Missouri.  Missouri Department of Conservation.  Jefferson City, Missouri.  Aquatic Series No. 19. 70 pp. plus Supplement.

Pflieger, W.L.  1989b.  The stream resources of Missouri.  D-J Project - F-1-R-28.  Study S-20.  Missouri Department of Conservation, Columbia, Missouri.  

Raat, A.J.P.  1988.  Synopsis of biological data on the northern pike Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758.  FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 30 Rev. 2.  Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 178 pp.

Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea, and W.B. Scott.  1991.  Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada.  American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 20, Bethesda, Maryland. 183 pp.

Scott, W.B., and E. J. Crossman.  1973.  Freshwater fishes of Canada.  Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin No. 184, Ottawa, Canada.  966 pp.

Sheehan, R.J., W.M. Lewis, and  L.R. Bodensteiner.  1990.  Winter habitat requirements and overwintering of riverine fishes.  Southern Illinois Fisheries Research Laboratory, Carbondale, Illinois.  D-J Project F-79-R, Study 101.  234 pp.

Sublette, J.E., M.D Hatch, and M. Sublette.  1990.  The fishes of New Mexico.  University New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico.  393 pp.

Thom, R.H., and J.H. Wilson.  1980.  The natural divisions of Missouri.  Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science  14:9-24.

Threinen, C.W., C. Wistrom, B. Apelgren, and H. Snow.  1966.  The northern pike, life history, ecology, and management.  Wisconsin Conservation Department Publication No. 235. 16 pp.

Vasey, F.W.  1974.  Life history of introduced northern pike in Thomas Hill Reservoir.  D-J Project F-1-R-23 Study I-5, Job No. 2.

Photo Credits:

Upper Left:       Photo courtesy of Konrad P. Schmidt, copyright Konrad P. Schmidt.

Upper Right:     Photo courtesy of the John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, Illinois, copyright John G. Shedd Aquarium, http://www.sheddaquarium.org/