Iowa Fish Atlas

Native: Yes

State Rank: S5

ITIS Code: 163439          

National Rank:  N5

Global Rank: G5

Modeled By: Anna Loan-Wilsey

State Range:

The bigmouth shiner is one of the most abundant and widespread fish species in Iowa (Harlan et al. 1987).  It is found in nearly all rivers and streams throughout the state.  With Iowa in the center of its continental range,  the distribution of the bigmouth shiner is expanding due to changes in prairie stream habitats (Becker 1983; Harlan et al. 1987; Pflieger 1997; Smith 1979).  

Habitat Affinities:

Bigmouth shiners are common in small, low to moderate-gradient prairie streams with slight current and unstable sandy bottoms (Pflieger 1997; Cross and Collins 1995; Trautman 1981; Etnier and Starnes, 1993).  They are most abundant in streams having permanent flow (Pflieger 1971).  They are able to adapt to fluctuating water levels, turbidity, and pollutants, but require a sand substrate not covered with silts (Trautman 1981; Etnier and Starnes, 1993).  In Iowa, they are one of the few species able to inhabit the sterile sand flats common in Iowa creeks (Harlan et al. 1987).  According to Etnier and Starnes (1993) bigmouth shiners occupy cool creeks but in Ohio (Trautman 1981) they were found to be uncommon or absent in cool streams.    

Predictive Model(s):

Statewide Model: by 8-digit HU [Decision Tree Analysis n=1797]

The distribution is based upon existing collection records.

(("GRADSEGR" <= 1 AND "SUBREGION_" <= 1 AND "SOIL_TEXT" <= 8) OR

( ("GRADSEGR" > 1 AND "GRADSEGR" <= 2) AND "DLINKR" <= 4 AND

"MINELEVR" > 1) OR

(( "GRADSEGR" > 1 AND "GRADSEGR" <= 2) AND ("DLINKR" > 4 AND

"DLINKR" <= 7)) OR

(( "GRADSEGR" > 2 AND "GRADSEGR" <= 3) AND "DLINKR" <= 2) OR

(( "GRADSEGR" > 2 AND "GRADSEGR" <= 3) AND ("DLINKR" > 2 AND

"DLINKR" <= 5) AND "TEMP_CODE" > 1) OR

(( "GRADSEGR" > 2 AND "GRADSEGR" <= 3) AND ("DLINKR" > 5 AND

"DLINKR" <= 8)) OR

(( "GRADSEGR" > 3 AND "GRADSEGR" <= 4) AND "LINKR" <= 5 AND

"TEMP_CODE" > 1) OR

( "GRADSEGR" > 4 AND "GRADSEGR" <= 5))

Mississippi River Model:

The distribution is based upon existing collection records and professional review.

("pool" >= 'S08' AND "pool" <= 'S19')

Missouri River Model

The distribution is based upon existing collection records and professional review.

("pool" >= 'O17' AND "pool" <= 'O19')

Overall Prediction:

(("GRADSEGR" <= 1 AND "SUBREGION_" <= 1 AND "SOIL_TEXT" <= 8) OR

(("GRADSEGR" > 1 AND "GRADSEGR" <= 2) AND "DLINKR" <= 4 AND

"MINELEVR" > 1) OR

(( "GRADSEGR" > 1 AND "GRADSEGR" <= 2) AND ("DLINKR" > 4 AND

"DLINKR" <= 7)) OR

(( "GRADSEGR" > 2 AND "GRADSEGR" <= 3) AND "DLINKR" <= 2) OR

(( "GRADSEGR" > 2 AND "GRADSEGR" <= 3) AND ("DLINKR" > 2 AND

"DLINKR" <= 5) AND "TEMP_CODE" > 1) OR

(( "GRADSEGR" > 2 AND "GRADSEGR" <= 3) AND ("DLINKR" > 5 AND

"DLINKR" <= 8)) OR

(( "GRADSEGR" > 3 AND "GRADSEGR" <= 4) AND "LINKR" <= 5 AND

"TEMP_CODE" > 1) OR

( "GRADSEGR" > 4 AND "GRADSEGR" <= 5)) OR

("pool" >= 'S08' AND "pool" <= 'S19') OR ("pool" >= 'O17' AND "pool" <= 'O19')

Literature Cited:

Becker, G.C.  1983.  Fishes of Wisconsin.  University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. 1052 pp.

Cross, F.B., and J.T. Collins.  1995.  Fishes in Kansas.  University of Kansas Natural History Museum, Public Education Series No. 14, Lawrence, Kansas.   315 pp.

Etnier, D.A., and W.E. Starnes.  1993.  The fishes of Tennessee.  University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee.  681 pp.

Harlan, J.R., E.B. Speaker, and J. Mayhew.  1987.  Iowa fish and fishing. Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa. 323pp.

Pflieger, W.L.  1971.  A distributional study of Missouri fishes.  University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History  20(3):225-570.

Pflieger, W.L.  1997.  The fishes of Missouri.  Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City, Missouri.  372 pp.

Smith, P.W.  1979.  The fishes of Illinois.  University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois.  314 pp.

Trautman, M.B.  1981.  The fishes of Ohio.  Revised Edition.  Ohio State University Press in collaboration with the Ohio Sea Grant Program Center for Lake Erie Area Research,  Columbus, Ohio.  782 pp.

Data Sources:

Arthur, J.W., T. Roush, J.A. Thompson, C.T. Waltbridge, and F.A. Puglisi. 1997. 

Evaluation of low order stream quality in central Iowa. EPA/600/R-97/009.  Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota.

Atchison, G.J., R.W. Bachmann, J.G., Nickum,  J.B. Barnumand, and M.B. Sandheinrich.

1986.  Aquatic biota associated with channel stabilization structures and abandoned channels in the middle Missouri River. Final Report.  Environmental and water quality operational studies.  Technical Report E-86-6, Department of the Army, US Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C.

Bernstein, N.P.  2003.  Personal communications and unpublished reports.  Mount Mercy

College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

Bernstein, N.P., M.Getting, T. Kamp, S. Christian, R. Smith, J. Steele, and S. Steele. 

2000.  The status of the blacknose shiner (Notropis heterolepis) in Iowa: A preliminary survey.  Journal of the Iowa Academy of Sciences 107(1):16-20.

Berry, C.R., D.L. Galat, and M.L. Wildhaber.  2004.  Fish distribution and abundance. 

Volume 3.  Population structure and habitat use of benthic fishes along the Missouri and lower Yellowstone rivers.  U.S. Geological Survey, Cooperative Units, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota.

Brandt, M. J.  1985.  Dry Run Creek, a prairie stream, sixty-eight years later. Master's

thesis.  University of  Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa.

Call, R.E.  1890.  The fishes of the Des Moines basin. Iowa Academy of Sciences 1 pt.2

(1890, 1891):43-56.

Chariton Fish Research Station.  2003.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Southeast

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Chariton, Iowa.

Christianson, J,. and L. Jindrich.  1983.  Big Sioux fishery investigation. South Dakota

Department of Game, Fish and Parks, Pierre, South Dakota.

Clear Lake Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Northwest

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Clear Lake, Iowa.

Cleary, R.E.  1950.  Forage fish abundance and distribution in N.E. Iowa.  Quarterly

Biology Reports 2(1):18-26.

Cold Springs Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Southwest

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Lewis, Iowa.

Coon, D.M.  1971.  A fisheries survey of the upper Skunk River, Iowa.  Master’s thesis. 

Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. 

Decorah Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Northeast

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Decorah, Iowa.

Dieterman, D., and C.R. Berry Jr.  1995.  The distribution and relative abundance of

fishes in the Big Sioux River, South Dakota: statewide fisheries investigations progress report.  South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota.

Dowell, V.  1981.  Collections in Cedar River Basin, 1956-1981.  University of Northern

Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa.

Eckblad, J.W.  1979.  A natural resource inventory of the aquatic habitats of the Volga

River recreation area with pre-impoundment predictions for the new lake.  Contract 8152. Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Ecological Analysts, Inc.  1983.  Operational ecological study in the Cedar River near

Duane Arnold Energy Center, January through December 1983.  EA Report IEL21.  Iowa Electrical Light and Power Company, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

Ecological Analysts, Inc.  1984.  Operational ecological study in the Cedar River near

Duane Arnold Energy Center, January through December 1983.  EA Report IEL31.  Iowa Electrical Light and Power Company, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

Fairport Fish Management and Hatchery.  2003.  Field notes and unpublished reports.

Southeast Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Fairport, Iowa.

Gelwicks, G., J. Heitke, and G. Simmons.  2002.  Contemporary fish survey. Iowa

Department of Natural Resources, Manchester, Iowa.

GMNH.  2002.  D. C. Scott Ichthyology collection.  University of Georgia, Athens,

Georgia.

Goellner, K.E.  1976.  Field Notes: 1949-1976.  Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

Govro, K.C.  1977.  Effects of sewage effluent on fish in the Iowa River at Marshalltown.

Master’s thesis.  Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Gritters, S.A.  1997.  Evaluation of water quality, fish and macroinvertebrates in Rock

Creek.  Fish Management Investigations 1997 Annual Report.  Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Guttenberg Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Northeast

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Guttenberg, Iowa.

Hansen, D.R., and R.J. Muncy.  1971.  Effects of stream channelization on fishes and

bottom fauna in the Little Sioux River, Iowa: Completion Report.  Project A-035-IA. Iowa State Water Resources Research Institute, Ames, Iowa.

Harrison, H.M.  1950.  Biological report on Prairie Creek, Webster County. Unpublished

report.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Harrison, H.M.  1951.  General survey of the Des Moines River below Des Moines.

Quarterly Biology Reports 3(3):32-45.

Harrison, H.M.  1958.  Preliminary report, Maple River studies.  Quarterly Biology

Report 11(1):10-16. 

Helms, D.R.  2000.  Fish and mussel surveys for the Hwy 1 corridor between Iowa City

and Mt. Vernon, Iowa.  Jacobs & Associates, Ames, Iowa.

Helms, D.R.  2000.  Fish and mussel surveys for the US Hwy 30 Mount Vernon bypass.

Jacobs & Associates, Ames, Iowa.

Helms, D.R,. and W.D. Wickham.  1989.  Environmental assessment of Cedar Creek in

Wapello County near Ottumwa, Iowa.  The City of Ottumwa on behalf of Allen Water and Waste Water Engineering, Inc., Ottumwa, Iowa.

Hesse, L.W., Q.L. Bliss, and G.J. Zuerlein.  1982.  Some aspects of the ecology of adult

fishes in the channelized Missouri River with special reference to the effects of two nuclear power generating stations.  Pages 224-277 in L.W. Hesse, G.L. Hergenrader, H.S. Lewis, S.D. Reetz, and A.B. Schlesinger, editors. The Middle Missouri River: a collection of papers on the biology with special reference to power station effects.  The Missouri River Study Group, Norfolk, Nebraska.

Hudson, J.L., and C. Larson.  2000.  An inventory of fish species in fifteen southwest

Iowa streams.  Fisheries Management Investigations 2000 Annual Report.  Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Huggins, D.,  B.W. Menzel,  D. Van Schmus, M. Lary, S.H. Wang, Lian, K. Higgins, D.

Bandi, and A. Cordry.  1996.  Assessment of the effects of nonpoint source pollution on the biotic integrity of Walnut Creek.  Kansas Biological Survey Report 73.  Central Plains Center for BioAssessment at the Kansas Biological Survey, Lawrence, Kansas.

Iowa Conservation Commission and Iowa Department of Natural Resources.  2002. 

Miscellaneous field notes from fish surveys, 1942, 1961, 1964, 1991.  Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Iowa State University.  2002.  Miscellaneous field notes from fish surveys conducted by

faculty and students, 1972 and 1980.  Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Iowa State University Museum.  1985.  Collection of fishes catalog, 1878-1985.   Iowa

State University, Ames, Iowa.

Jennings, T.  1966.  Estimated fish populations in straightened and unstraightened

sections of the same stream.  Quarterly Biology Reports 18(4):44-48.

Jordan, D.S., and S.E. Meek.  1885.  List of fishes collected in Iowa and Missouri in

August, 1884, with descriptions of three new species.  Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum 8(1):1-17.

Kallemeyn, L.W.  1977.  Fish and fish food organisms in various habitats of the Missouri

River in South Dakota, Nebraska, and Iowa.  FWS/OBS-77/25.  United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.

Kaminski, M.T.  1996.  Smallmouth bass habitat and fish community relationships in

central Iowa streams.  Master’s thesis. Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

King, L.R., and K.D. Carlander.  1976.  A study of the effects of stream channelization

and bank stabilization on warmwater sport fish in Iowa: Subproject No. 3.  Some effects of short-reach stream channelization on fishes and fish food organisms in central Iowa warm water streams.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Contract 14-16-0008-745.  Iowa Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, Ames, Iowa.

Kline, D.  1969.  An annotated list of fishes of the Floyd River drainage.  Quarterly

Biology Reports 21(3):15-23.

Kline, D.  1970.  An annotated list of fishes of the Maple River drainage.  Quarterly

Biology Reports 22(2):27-35.

Kline, D.  1970.  An annotated list of fishes of the Soldier River drainage.  Quarterly

Biology Reports 22(3):26-34.

Kline, D., J. Golden, and M. Wade.  1975.  Mississippi River fishery classification

survey.  Project 75-III-C-116.  Job Completion Reports.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Lake Darling Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Southeast

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Brighton, Iowa.  

Lake MacBride Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports. 

Southeast Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Solon, Iowa.

Laser, K.D., C.G. Rausch, C.L. Olson, and K.D. Carlander.  1969.  Fish distribution in

the Skunk River below Ames, Iowa.  Iowa Academy of Science 76:196-205.

Long Term Resource Monitoring Program.  2002.   Pool 13 database, 1990-2001.  Upper

Midwest Environmental Science Center, Bellevue, Iowa.

Lyon,  D.  2002.  Personal communication.  Retired biology professor, Cornell College,

Mount Vernon, Iowa.

Manchester Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Northeast

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Manchester, Iowa.

Mayhew, J.  1965.  Pre-impoundment studies on the Chariton River in the vicinity of

Rathbun Dam and reservoir- Part I: Annotated list of fishes in the Chariton River and tributaries.  Quarterly Biology Reports 17(1):59-67.

McDonald, D.B.  1972.  Duane Arnold Energy Center, Cedar River baseline ecological

study.  Annual Report, April 28, 1971 to April 24, 1972.  D.B. McDonald Research Inc, Iowa City, Iowa.

McDonald, D.B.  1975.  Duane Arnold Energy Center, Cedar River operational

ecological study.  Annual report, January 14, 1974 to December 31, 1974. D.B. McDonald Research Inc, Iowa City, Iowa.

McDonald, D.B.  1980.  Duane Arnold Energy Center, Cedar River operational

ecological study.  Annual Report, January 1979 through December 1979. D.B. McDonald Research Inc, Iowa City, Iowa.

McDonald, D.B. 1981.  Duane Arnold Energy Center, Cedar River operational ecological

study.  Annual Report, January 1980 through December 1980.  D.B. McDonald Research Inc, Iowa City, Iowa.

McDonald, D.B.  1983.  Duane Arnold Energy Center, Cedar River operational

ecological study.  Annual Report, January 1982 through December 1982. D.B. McDonald Research Inc, Iowa City, Iowa.

Meek, S.E.  1892.  Report upon the fishes of Iowa, based upon observations and

collections mad during 1889, 1890, 1891.  Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission. 10(1890):217-248.

Meek, S.E.  1894.  Notes on the fishes of Western Iowa and Eastern Nebraska.  Bulletin

of the United States Fish Commission 14(1894):133-138.

Menzel, B.W.  1983.  Field notes: northeast.  Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  1983.  Field notes: western and southern.  Iowa State University, Ames,

Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  1984.  Field notes: Des Moines-Skunk.  Iowa State University, Ames,

Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  1984.  Field notes: Iowa-Cedar.  Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  1997.  Field notes: Topeka shiner survey.  Iowa State University, Ames,

Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  1998.  Field notes: Topeka shiner survey.  Iowa State University, Ames,

Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  1999.  Field notes: Topeka shiner survey, 1999 in-channel collections. 

Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  1999.  Field notes: Topeka shiner survey, 1999 off-channel collections. 

Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  2000.  Field notes: Topeka shiner survey, 2000 in-channel collections. 

Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  2000.  Field notes: Topeka shiner survey, 2000 off-channel collections. 

Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Menzel, B.W., J.B. Barnum, and L.M. Antosch.  1984.  Ecological alterations of Iowa

prairie-agricultural streams.  Iowa State Journal of Research  59(1):5-30.

Menzel, B.W., and M.S. Boyce.  1973.  First record of the pearl dace, Semotilus

margarita (COPE), from Iowa.  Iowa State Journal of Research 47(4):245-248.

Menzel, B.W., and H.L. Fierstine.  1976.  A study of the effects of stream channelization

and bank stabilization on warmwater sport fish in Iowa: Subproject No. 5.  Effects of long-reach stream channelization on distribution and abundance of fishes.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Contract 14-16-0008-745.  Iowa Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, Ames, Iowa.

Middendorf, R. and R. Gent.  1981.  Fishery inventory of southeast Iowa tributary

streams.  Project 81-III-C-14.  Job Completion Reports.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Miller, L.R., and D.J. Herrig.  1988.  Western Iowa rivers basin study- a comparison of

fish communities.  Unpublished report.  Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Milligan, J.  1987.  Stream fish surveys: Report of findings Iowa Army Ammunition

Plant, Middletown, Iowa. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Genoa, Wisconsin.

Mount Mercy College Museum.  2002.  Vertebrate collection database report.  Mount

Mercy College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

Mt. Ayr Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Southwest

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Mt. Ayr, Iowa

Museum of Natural History.  2002.  Freshwater fish collection.  Division of Zoology,

University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana.

Museum of Zoology.  2002.  Division of Fishes collection database.  University of

Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. http://www.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/. (May 2002)

Nord, R.C.  1967.  A compendium of fishery information on the Upper Mississippi River.

Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, Rock Island, Illinois. 238 pp. 

Olson, C.L.  1975.  Effects of chlorinated sewage effluent on fish in the Iowa River,

Marshalltown, Iowa.  Master’s thesis. Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Olson, J.R. 1998.  Historic fish survey database.  Water Quality Bureau, Iowa

Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Palic, D., R. Grajeda, L. Helland, B. Pedersen, J. Pribil, A.K. Loan-Wilsey, and C.L.

Pierce.  2003.  Fish communities of the Upper Little Sioux River Basin: current status and historical trends. Unpublished report.  Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Palmer, E.L.  1919.  An ecological study of Dry Run, a typical prairie stream.  Iowa

Academy of Science 26:111-124.

Paloumpis, A.A.  1958.  Responses of some minnows to flood and drought conditions in

an intermittent stream.  Iowa State College Journal of Science 32(4):547-561.

Paragamian, V.L.  1990.  Fish populations of Iowa rivers and streams.  Technical Bulletin

No. 3.  Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Phillips, G.S.  1989.  1989 foray: fisheries survey. Environmental Studies Laboratory,

Iowa Lakes Community College, Estherville, Iowa.

Rathbun Fish Management and Hatchery.  2003.  Field notes and unpublished reports.

Southeast Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Moravia, Iowa.

Rausch, C.G., and R.V. Bovbjerg.  1973.  Fauna of the middle Little Sioux River and

comparison with upper and lower regions.  Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Sciences 80:111-116.

Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History.  2002.  Division of Ichthyology

collection of fishes.  University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma.

Schmadeke, D.P. 1977.  An annotated list of fishes of the Shellrock River, Iowa. 

Master's thesis.  University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa.

Spirit Lake Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Northwest

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Orleans, Iowa.

Sullivan, D.J.  2000.  Fish communities and their relation to environmental factors in the

Eastern Iowa Basins in Iowa and Minnesota, 1996.  Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4194, United States Geological Survey, Iowa City, Iowa.

UMRCC.  1953.  Revised species list- northern section of the river.  Pages 19-32 in

Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Meeting, Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, Rock Island, Illinois.

UMRCC.  1964.  Proceedings of the twentieth annual meeting, January 7, 1964.  Upper

Mississippi River Conservation Committee, Rock Island, Illinois.

University of Iowa Hygienic Laboratory.  1988.  A survey of the benthic

macroinvertebrates and fishes of the Big Spring Basin, Iowa.  Report 88-9.  Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

University of Nebraska State Museum.  2002.  Division of Zoology database report. 

University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Wilton, T., K. Krier, and J. Mootz.  2003.  Stream Biological Assessment Database.

Environmental Services Division, Water Quality Bureau, TMDL and Water Quality Assessment Section, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Additional References:

Berkman, H.E.  1984.  Effects of sedimentation on stream fish communities in northeast Missouri.  Master’s thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.  116 pp.

Clay, W.M.  1975.  The fishes of Kentucky.  Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, Frankfort, Kentucky.  416 pp.

Cross, F.B.  1967.  Handbook of fishes of Kansas.  University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication  No. 45, Lawrence, Kansas.  357 pp.

Douglas, N.H.  1974.  Freshwater fishes of Louisiana.  Claitor’s Publishing Division, Sponsored by Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.  443 pp.

Eddy, S., and J.C. Underhill.  1974.  Northern fishes; with special reference to the upper Mississippi Valley.  University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota.  414 pp.

Gelwicks, G.T.  1995.  Fish movement between the lower Missouri River and a managed floodplain wetland in Missouri.  Master’s thesis. University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. 190 pp.

Kelly, G., editor.  1986.  Animal habitat relations handbook.  Missouri Department of Conservation and U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Jefferson City, Missouri.  293 pp.

Lee, D.S., C.R. Gilbert, C.H. Hocutt, R.E. Jenkins, D.E. McAllister, and J.R. Stauffer, Jr.  1980.  Atlas of North American freshwater fishes.  North Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh, North Carolina.  867 pp.

Mayden, R.L. 1989.  Phylogenetic studies of North American minnows, with emphasis on the genus Cyprinella (Teleostei: Cypriniformes).  University of Kansas Museum Natural History Miscellaneous Publication (80):1-189.

Page, L.M., and B.M. Burr.  1991.  A field guide to freshwater fishes: North America north of Mexico.  Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. 432 pp.

Paloumpis, A.A.  1958.  Responses of some minnows to flood and drought conditions in an intermittent stream.  Iowa State Journal of Science  32(4):547-561.

Pflieger, W.L.  1989a.  Aquatic community classification system for Missouri.  Missouri Department of Conservation.  Jefferson City, Missouri.  Aquatic Series No. 19. 70 pp. plus Supplement.

Pflieger, W.L.  1989b.  The stream resources of Missouri.  D-J Project - F-1-R-28.  Study S-20.  Missouri Department of Conservation, Columbia, Missouri.  

Phillips, G.L., W.D. Schmid, and J.C. Underhill.  1982.  Fishes of the Minnesota region.  University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota.  248 pp.

Raley, M.E., and R.M. Wood.  2001.  Molecular systematics of members of the Notropis dorsalis species group (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae).  Copeia 2001:638-645.

Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea, and W.B. Scott.  1991.  Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada.  American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 20, Bethesda, Maryland. 183 pp.

Robison, H.W., and T.M. Buchanan. 1988.  Fishes of Arkansas.  University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, Arkansas.  536 pp.

Scarnecchia, D.L.  1988.  The importance of streamlining in influencing fish community structure in channelized and unchannelized reaches of a prairie stream.  Regulated Rivers: Research and Management  2(2):155-166.

Thom, R.H., and J.H. Wilson.  1980.  The natural divisions of Missouri.  Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science  14:9-24.

Tibbs, J.E.  1995.  Habitat use by small fishes in the lower Mississippi River related to foraging by least terns, Sterna altillarum.  Master’s thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.  184 pp.

Underhill, J.C., and D.J. Merrell.  1959.  Intra-specific variation in the bigmouth shiner, Notropis dorsalis.  American Midland Naturalist 61(1):133-147.

Wiley, E.O., and T.A. Titus.  1992.  Phylogenetic relationships among members of the Hybopsis dorsalis species group (Teleostei: Cyprinidae).  Occassional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas (152):1-18.

Photo Credits:

Upper Left:       Photo courtesy of Konrad P. Schmidt, copyright Konrad P. Schmidt.

Upper Right:     Photo courtesy of the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, http://www.iowadnr.com