Iowa Fish Atlas

Native: Yes

State Rank: S5

ITIS Code: 168151          

National Rank: N5           

Global Rank: G5

Modeled By: Anna Loan-Wilsey

State Range:

The orangespotted sunfish is widely distributed throughout the state.  It has been collected in interior rivers, streams, man-made lakes and natural lakes.  This sunfish is also found occasionally throughout the entire Mississippi River but is less commonly taken in Missouri River (Harlan et al. 1987).

Habitat Affinities:

The orangespotted sunfish inhabits almost all types of waters except streams with swift current (Smith 1979).  However, it is primarily a lowland stream fish, occupying slow flowing, muddy or turbid waters with silted gravel, sand, mud, or detritus bottoms (Clay 1975; Cross and Collins 1995; Etnier and Starnes 1993; Robison and Buchanan 1988; Trautman 1981). It also inhabits borrow pits, drainage ditches, small bayous (Douglas 1974), natural lakes, lowland oxbows, impoundments and niche reservoirs (Eddy and Underhill 1974; Etnier and Starnes 1993; Phillips et. al. 1982; Robison and Buchanan 1988; Trautman 1981). The orangespotted sunfish commonly inhabits the pools and backwaters of intermittent creeks and larger streams within the Central Plains Aquatic Subregion (Pflieger 1997).  The orangespotted sunfish avoids clear, cool and high gradient waters (Pflieger 1997; Trautman 1981), but Clay (1975) notes that it may invade high-gradient streams that have been subject to erosion and siltation.

Predictive Model(s):

Statewide Model: by 8-digit HU [Decision Tree Analysis n=410]

The distribution is based upon existing collection records.

 ("TEMP_CODE" = 2 AND

(( "GRADSEGR" <= 1 AND ("SOIL_TEXT" <= 6 OR ("SOIL_TEXT" > 8 AND "SOIL_TEXT" <=11))) OR

(( "GRADSEGR" > 1 AND "GRADSEGR" <= 2) AND ("MAXELEVR" > 2 AND "MAXELEVR" <= 3)) OR

(( "GRADSEGR" > 1 AND "GRADSEGR" <= 2) AND "MAXELEVR" > 3 AND "STRAHLER" > 2) OR

(( "GRADSEGR" > 2 AND "GRADSEGR" <= 3) AND "STRAHLER" <= 3 AND "SDISCR_2C" <= 0 AND (("SOIL_TEXT" >1 AND "SOIL_TEXT" <=3) OR "SOIL_TEXT" >9)) OR

(( "GRADSEGR" > 2 AND "GRADSEGR" <= 3) AND "STRAHLER" <= 3 AND "SDISCR_2C" > 0) OR

(( "GRADSEGR" > 2 AND "GRADSEGR" <= 3) AND "STRAHLER" > 3)))

Mississippi River Model:

The distribution is based upon existing collection records and professional review.

("pool" >= 'S08' AND "pool" <= 'S20')

Missouri River Model

The distribution is based upon existing collection records and professional review.

("pool" >= 'O17' AND "pool" <= 'O19')

Overall Prediction:

("TEMP_CODE" = 2 AND

(( "GRADSEGR" <= 1 AND ("SOIL_TEXT" <= 6 OR ("SOIL_TEXT" > 8 AND "SOIL_TEXT" <=11))) OR (( "GRADSEGR" > 1 AND "GRADSEGR" <= 2) AND ("MAXELEVR" > 2 AND "MAXELEVR" <= 3)) OR (( "GRADSEGR" > 1 AND "GRADSEGR" <= 2) AND "MAXELEVR" > 3 AND "STRAHLER" > 2) OR

(( "GRADSEGR" > 2 AND "GRADSEGR" <= 3) AND "STRAHLER" <= 3 AND "SDISCR_2C" <= 0 AND (("SOIL_TEXT" >1 AND "SOIL_TEXT" <=3) OR "SOIL_TEXT" >9)) OR (( "GRADSEGR" > 2 AND "GRADSEGR" <= 3) AND "STRAHLER" <= 3 AND "SDISCR_2C" > 0) OR (( "GRADSEGR" > 2 AND "GRADSEGR" <= 3) AND "STRAHLER" > 3))) OR ("pool" >= 'S08' AND "pool" <= 'S20') OR ("pool" >= 'O17' AND "pool" <= 'O19')

Literature Cited:

Clay, W.M.  1975.  The fishes of Kentucky.  Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, Frankfort, Kentucky.  416 pp.

Cross, F.B., and J.T. Collins.  1995.  Fishes in Kansas.  University of Kansas Natural History Museum, Public Education Series No. 14, Lawrence, Kansas.   315 pp.

Douglas, N.H.  1974.  Freshwater fishes of Louisiana.  Claitor’s Publishing Division, Sponsored by Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.  443 pp.

Eddy, S., and J.C. Underhill.  1974.  Northern fishes; with special reference to the upper Mississippi Valley.  University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota.  414 pp.

Etnier, D.A., and W.E. Starnes.  1993.  The fishes of Tennessee.  University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee.  681 pp.

Harlan, J.R., E.B. Speaker, and J. Mayhew.  1987.  Iowa fish and fishing. Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa. 323pp.

Pflieger, W.L.  1997.  The fishes of Missouri.  Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City, Missouri.  372 pp.

Phillips, G.L., W.D. Schmid, and J.C. Underhill.  1982.  Fishes of the Minnesota region.  University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota.  248 pp.

Robison, H.W., and T.M. Buchanan. 1988.  Fishes of Arkansas.  University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, Arkansas.  536 pp.

Smith, P.W.  1979.  The fishes of Illinois.  University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois.  314 pp.

Trautman, M.B.  1981.  The fishes of Ohio.  Revised Edition.  Ohio State University Press in collaboration with the Ohio Sea Grant Program Center for Lake Erie Area Research,  Columbus, Ohio.  782 pp.

Data Sources:

Ackerman, G.L.  1964.  Yellow River survey.  Unpublished report.  Iowa Conservation

Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Ackerman, G.L.  1965.  Raccoon River Survey.  Unpublished report.  Iowa Conservation

Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Atchison, G.J., R.W. Bachmann, J.G., Nickum,  J.B. Barnumand, and M.B. Sandheinrich.

1986.  Aquatic biota associated with channel stabilization structures and abandoned channels in the middle Missouri River. Final Report.  Environmental and water quality operational studies.  Technical Report E-86-6.  Department of the Army, US Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C.

Bernstein, N.P., M. Getting, T. Kamp, S. Christian, R. Smith, J. Steele, and S. Steele. 

2000.  The status of the blacknose shiner (Notropis heterolepis) in Iowa: A preliminary survey.  Journal of the Iowa Academy of Sciences 107(1):16-20.

Berry, C.R., D.L. Galat, and M.L. Wildhaber.  2004.  Fish distribution and abundance. 

Volume 3.  Population structure and habitat use of benthic fishes along the Missouri and lower Yellowstone rivers.  U.S. Geological Survey, Cooperative Units, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota.

Black Hawk Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Northwest

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Lake View, Iowa.

Bovbjerg, R.V., N.L. Pearsall, and M.L. Brackin.  1970.  A preliminary faunal study of

the upper Little Sioux River.  Iowa Academy of Science 77:177-184.

Call, R.E.  1890.  The fishes of the Des Moines basin.  Iowa Academy of Sciences 1 pt.2

(1890, 1891):43-56.

Chariton Fish Research Station.  2003.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Southeast

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Chariton, Iowa.

Christianson, J,. and L. Jindrich.  1983.  Big Sioux fishery investigation. South Dakota

Department of Game, Fish and Parks, Pierre, South Dakota.

Clear Lake Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Northwest

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Clear Lake, Iowa.

Cleary, R.E.  1956.  Summary of the cooperative exploratory fishing operations in the

Wisconsin-Illinois-Iowa sections of the Mississippi River- 1956.  Job Description Investigations Projects.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Cleary, R.E., and T.L. Moen.  1961.  The Iowa River chemical eradication study. 

Quarterly Biology Reports 13(1):38-40.

Coon, D.M.  1971.  A fisheries survey of the upper Skunk River, Iowa.  Master’s thesis. 

Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. 

DeCook, R., and Cleary, R.E.  1960.  Fishing gear evaluation Mississippi River - 1960.

Job Description Investigations Projects.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Decorah Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Northeast

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Decorah, Iowa.

Dowell, V.  1981.  Collections in Cedar River Basin, 1956-1981.  University of Northern

Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa.

Ecological Analysts, Inc.  1984.  Operational ecological study in the Cedar River near

Duane Arnold Energy Center, January through December 1983.  EA Report IEL31.  Iowa Electrical Light and Power Company, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

Fairport Fish Management and Hatchery.  2003.  Field notes and unpublished reports.

Southeast Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Fairport, Iowa.

Gelwicks, G., J. Heitke, and G. Simmons.  2002.  Contemporary fish survey.  Iowa

Department of Natural Resources, Manchester, Iowa.

Goellner, K.E.  1976.  Field Notes: 1949-1976.  Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

Gritters, S.A.  1997.  Evaluation of water quality, fish and macroinvertebrates in Rock

Creek.  Fish Management Investigations 1997 Annual Report.  Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Gritters, S.A., and L.M. Mauldin.  1993.  The status of the weed shiner (Notropis

texanus) in Pool 13 of the Upper Mississippi River System.  EMTC 93- S007.  Environmental Management Technical Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Onalaska, Wisconsin.

Guttenberg Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Northeast

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Guttenberg, Iowa.

Hansen, D.R., and R.J. Muncy.  1971.  Effects of stream channelization on fishes and

bottom fauna in the Little Sioux River, Iowa: Completion Report.  Project A-035-IA.  Iowa State Water Resources Research Institute, Ames, Iowa.

Harrison, H.M.  1950.  Biological report on Prairie Creek, Webster County. Unpublished

report.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Harrison, H.M.  1951.  General survey of the Des Moines River below Des Moines.

Quarterly Biology Reports 3(3):32-45.

Harrison, H.M.  1958.  Preliminary report, Maple River studies.  Quarterly Biology

Report 11(1):10-16. 

Helms, D.R., and W.D. Wickham.  1989.  Environmental assessment of Cedar Creek in

Wapello County near Ottumwa, Iowa.  The City of Ottumwa on behalf of Allen Water and Waste Water Engineering, Inc., Ottumwa, Iowa.

Hesse, L.W., Q.L. Bliss, and G.J. Zuerlein.  1982.  Some aspects of the ecology of adult

fishes in the channelized Missouri River with special reference to the effects of two nuclear power generating stations.  Pages 224-277 in L.W. Hesse, G.L. Hergenrader, H.S. Lewis, S.D. Reetz, and A.B. Schlesinger, editors. The Middle Missouri River: a collection of papers on the biology with special reference to power station effects.  The Missouri River Study Group, Norfolk, Nebraska.

Iowa Conservation Commission and Iowa Department of Natural Resources.  2002. 

Miscellaneous field notes from fish surveys, 1942, 1961, 1964, 1991.  Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Iowa State University.  2002.  Miscellaneous field notes from fish surveys conducted by

faculty and students, 1972 and 1980.  Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Iowa State University Museum.  1985.  Collection of fishes catalog, 1878-1985.   Iowa

State University, Ames, Iowa.

Jones, D.T.  1928.  Fish collected in the vicinity of Vinton, Iowa.  Proceedings of the

Iowa Academy of Sciences 35:327-331.

Kallemeyn, L.W.  1977.  Fish and fish food organisms in various habitats of the Missouri

River in South Dakota, Nebraska, and Iowa.  FWS/OBS-77/25.  U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.

Kaminski, M.T.  1996.  Smallmouth bass habitat and fish community relationships in

central Iowa streams.  Master’s thesis.  Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

King, L.R., and K.D. Carlander.  1976.  A study of the effects of stream channelization

and bank stabilization on warmwater sport fish in Iowa: Subproject No. 3.  Some effects of short-reach stream channelization on fishes and fish food organisms in central Iowa warm water streams.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Contract 14-16-0008-745.  Iowa Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, Ames, Iowa.

Kline, D.  1969.  An annotated list of fishes of the Floyd River drainage.  Quarterly

Biology Reports 21(3):15-23.

Kline, D.  1988.  Fish sampling study: Iowa and Cedar Rivers, Fall 1988.  Unpublished

report.  Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Kline, D., J. Golden, and M. Wade.  1975.  Mississippi River fishery classification

survey.  Project 75-III-C-116.  Job Completion Reports.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Lake Darling Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Southeast

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Brighton, Iowa.  

Lake MacBride Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports. 

Southeast Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Solon, Iowa.

Larrabee, A.P.  1926.  An ecological study of the fishes of the Lake Okoboji region.

University of Iowa Studies in Natural History 11(12):1-35.

Long Term Resource Monitoring Program.  2002.   Pool 13 database, 1990-2001.  Upper

Midwest Environmental Science Center, Bellevue, Iowa.

Lyon, D.  2002.  Personal communication.  Retired biology professor, Cornell College,

Mount Vernon, Iowa.

Manchester Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Northeast

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Manchester, Iowa.

Mayhew, J.  1965.  Pre-impoundment studies on the Chariton River in the vicinity of

Rathbun Dam and reservoir- Part I: Annotated list of fishes in the Chariton River and tributaries.  Quarterly Biology Reports 17(1):59-67.

Mayhew, J.  1965.  Pre-impoundment studies of the Chariton River in the vicinity of

Rathbun Dam and reservoir Part II: Species composition, age composition, and growth.  Quarterly Biology Reports 17(4):4-10.

McDonald, D.B.  1974.  Duane Arnold Energy Center, Cedar River baseline ecological

study.  Final preoperational report, May 1, 1973 through January 2, 1974.  D.B. McDonald Research Inc, Iowa City, Iowa.

McDonald, D.B.  1980.  Duane Arnold Energy Center, Cedar River operational

ecological study.  Annual Report, January 1979 through December 1979.  D.B. McDonald Research Inc, Iowa City, Iowa.

McDonald, D.B. 1981.  Duane Arnold Energy Center, Cedar River operational ecological

study.  Annual Report, January 1980 through December 1980.  D.B. McDonald Research Inc, Iowa City, Iowa.

McDonald, D.B.  1982.  Duane Arnold Energy Center, Cedar River operational

ecological study.  Annual Report, January 1981 through December 1981.  D.B. McDonald Research Inc, Iowa City, Iowa.

Meek, S.E.  1892.  Report upon the fishes of Iowa, based upon observations and

collections mad during 1889, 1890, 1891.  Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission 10(1890):217-248.

Meek, S.E.  1894.  Notes on the fishes of Western Iowa and Eastern Nebraska.  Bulletin

of the United States Fish Commission 14(1894):133-138.

Menzel, B.W.  1983.  Field notes: northeast.  Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  1983.  Field notes: western and southern.  Iowa State University, Ames,

Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  1984.  Field notes: Des Moines-Skunk.  Iowa State University, Ames,

Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  1984.  Field notes: Iowa-Cedar.  Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  1997.  Field notes: Topeka shiner survey.  Iowa State University, Ames,

Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  1998.  Field notes: Topeka shiner survey.  Iowa State University, Ames,

Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  1999.  Field notes: Topeka shiner survey, 1999 in-channel collections. 

Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  1999.  Field notes: Topeka shiner survey, 1999 off-channel collections. 

Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  2000.  Field notes: Topeka shiner survey, 2000 in-channel collections. 

Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  2000.  Field notes: Topeka shiner survey, 2000 off-channel collections. 

Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Menzel, B.W., and H.L. Fierstine.  1976.  A study of the effects of stream channelization

and bank stabilization on warmwater sport fish in Iowa: Subproject No. 5.  Effects of long-reach stream channelization on distribution and abundance of fishes.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Contract 14-16-0008-745.  Iowa Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, Ames, Iowa.

Miller, L.R., and D.J. Herrig.  1982.  Variations in seasonal in-stream flow requirements

of smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieui Lacepede.  Project 82-I-C-1.  Job Completion Reports.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Miller, L.R., and D.J. Herrig.  1990.  Evaluation of lowhead riffle construction on

riverine fish populations.  Fish Management Investigations Job Completion Report.  Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Miller, L.R., T. Putnam, D.J. Herrig, and J. Wahl.  1989.  Evaluation of lowhead riffle

construction on riverine fish populations.  Fish Management Investigations 1989 Annual Report.  Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Miller, L.R., T. Putnam, and J. Wahl.  1987.  Evaluation of lowhead riffle construction on

riverine fish populations.  Fish Management Investigations 1987 Annual Report. Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Miller, L.R., T. Putnam, and J. Wahl.  1988.  Evaluation of lowhead riffle construction on

riverine fish populations.  Fish Management Investigations 1988 Annual Report.  Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Milligan, J.  1987.  Stream fish surveys: Report of findings Iowa Army Ammunition

Plant, Middletown, Iowa. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Genoa, Wisconsin.

Molamphy, T.J.  1961.  Summary of 1961 electro-fishing surveys of Iowa waters of

Mississippi River.  Job Description Investigations Projects.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Molamphy, T.J., and R.E. Cleary.  1960.  Administrative summary of the 1960 trap-net

survey of Iowa waters of Mississippi River.  Job Description Investigations Projects.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Mount Mercy College Museum.  2002.  Vertebrate collection database report.  Mount

Mercy College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

Mt. Ayr Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Southwest

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Mt. Ayr, Iowa.

Museum of Natural History.  2002.  Freshwater fish collection.  Division of Zoology,

University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana.

Museum of Zoology.  2002.  Division of Fishes collection database.  University of

Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. http://www.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/. (May, 2002)

Nord, R.C.  1967.  A compendium of fishery information on the Upper Mississippi River.

Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, Rock Island, Illinois.

Olson, C.L.  1975.  Effects of chlorinated sewage effluent on fish in the Iowa River,

Marshalltown, Iowa.  Master’s thesis.  Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Olson, J.R.  1998.  Historic fish survey database.  Water Quality Bureau, Iowa

Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Paloumpis, A.A.  1958.  Responses of some minnows to flood and drought conditions in

an intermittent stream.  Iowa State College Journal of Science 32(4):547-561.

Paragamian, V.L.  1978.  Population dynamics of smallmouth bass in the Maquoketa

River and other Iowa streams: effects of habitat variation on the stream biota.  Project F-89-R-2, Study No. 602-1, Job No. 2.  Annual Performance Report.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Paragamian, V.L.  1979.  Population dynamics of smallmouth bass in the Maquoketa

River and other Iowa streams: effects of habitat variation on the stream biota.  Project F-89-R-2, Study No. 602-2, Job No. 2.  Annual Performance Report.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Paragamian, V.L.  1990.  Fish populations of Iowa rivers and streams.  Technical Bulletin

No. 3.  Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Robinson, D.J.  1959.  A brief electro-survey of the Iowa waters of the Missouri River. 

Quarterly Biology Reports 11(3):32-33.

Schmadeke, D.P. 1977.  An annotated list of fishes of the Shellrock River, Iowa. 

Master's thesis.  University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa.

Schmidt, K.  1999.  Upper Iowa River 1998-1999 fish survey: database overview

summary.  Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul, Minnesota.

Schonmacher, R.  1962.  Trap-net and electro-fishing surveys in northeast Iowa, 1962.

Unpublished report.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Smith, P.W,. and A.C. Lopinot.  1966.  The 1966 survey of fishes from the mouths of

Mississippi River tributaries, Appendix B, pp.226-233, Illinois State Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois.

Spirit Lake Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Northwest

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Orleans, Iowa.

Sullivan, D.J.  2000.  Fish communities and their relation to environmental factors in the

Eastern Iowa Basins in Iowa and Minnesota, 1996.  Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4194.  U.S. Geological Survey, Iowa City, Iowa.

UMRCC.  1953.  Revised species list- northern section of the river.  Pages 19-32 in

Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Meeting, Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, Rock Island, Illinois.

UMRCC.  1964.  Proceedings of the twentieth annual meeting, January 7, 1964.  Upper

Mississippi River Conservation Committee, Rock Island, Illinois.

Van Vooren, A.  1981.  Relative utilization of Mississippi River habitats as fish nursery

areas.  Project 81-III-C-11.  Job Completion Reports.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Wenke, T.L.  1965.  Some ecological relationships of mayflies, caddisflies, and fish in

the Mississippi River near Keokuk, Iowa.  Ph.D. dissertation.  Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Wilton, T., K. Krier, and J. Mootz.  2003.  Stream Biological Assessment Database.

Environmental Services Division, Water Quality Bureau, TMDL and Water Quality Assessment Section, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Additional References:

Aadland, L.P.,  C.M. Cook, M.T. Negus, H.G. Drewes, and  C.S. Anderson.  1991.  Microhabitat preferences of selected stream fishes and community-oriented approach to instream flow assessments.  Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Section of Fisheries, Minneapolis, Minnesota.  142 pp.

Bailey, R.M., J.E. Fitch, E.S. Herald, E.A. Lachner, C.C. Lindsey, C.R. Robins, and W.B. Scott.  1970.  A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada.  American Fisheries Society Special Publication No. 6. 149 pp.

Barney, R.L., and B.J. Anson. 1923.  Life history and ecology of the orangespotted sunfish, Lepomis humilis.  Report of the U.S. Commission of Fisheries 1922, Append. XV, Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 938:1-16.

Becker, G.C.  1983.  Fishes of Wisconsin.  University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. 1052 pp.

Cross, F.B.  1967.  Handbook of fishes of Kansas.  University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication  No. 45, Lawrence, Kansas.  357 pp.

Echelle, A.A., and G.D. Schnell.  1976.  Factor analysis of species associations among fishes of the Kiamichi River, Oklahoma.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 105(1):17-31.

Gelwicks, G.T.  1995.  Fish movement between the lower Missouri River and a managed floodplain wetland in Missouri.  Master’s thesis. University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. 190 pp.

Kelly, G., editor.  1986.  Animal habitat relations handbook.  Missouri Department of Conservation and U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Jefferson City, Missouri.  293 pp.

Lee, D.S., C.R. Gilbert, C.H. Hocutt, R.E. Jenkins, D.E. McAllister, and J.R. Stauffer, Jr.  1980.  Atlas of North American freshwater fishes.  North Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh, North Carolina.  867 pp.

Miller, H.C.  1963.  The behavior of the pumpkinseed sunfish, Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus), Lepomis and the pigmy sunfish, Elassoma evergladei.  Behavior: 88-151.

Mizzi, J.A.  1994.  Zooplankton, macroinvertebrate, herptile, and ichthyofaunal biodiversity of riverine habitat on the upper Missouri River.  Master’s thesis, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota.  130 pp.

Noltie, D.B.  1990.  Status of the orangespotted sunfish, Lepomis humilis, in Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 104:69-86.

Page, L.M., and B.M. Burr.  1991.  A field guide to freshwater fishes: North America north of Mexico.  Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. 432 pp.

Pflieger, W.L.  1971.  A distributional study of Missouri fishes.  University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History  20(3):225-570.

Pflieger, W.L.  1989a.  Aquatic community classification system for Missouri.  Missouri Department of Conservation.  Jefferson City, Missouri.  Aquatic Series No. 19. 70 pp. plus Supplement.

Pflieger, W.L.  1989b.  The stream resources of Missouri.  D-J Project - F-1-R-28.  Study S-20.  Missouri Department of Conservation, Columbia, Missouri.  

Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea, and W.B. Scott.  1991.  Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada.  American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 20, Bethesda, Maryland. 183 pp.

Sheehan, R.J., W.M. Lewis, and  L.R. Bodensteiner.  1990.  Winter habitat requirements and overwintering of riverine fishes.  Southern Illinois Fisheries Research Laboratory, Carbondale, Illinois.  D-J Project F-79-R, Study 101.  234 pp.

Smale, M.A., and C. F. Rabeni.  1995.  Hypoxia and hyperthermia tolerances of headwater stream fishes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society  124:698-710.

Thom, R.H., and J.H. Wilson.  1980.  The natural divisions of Missouri.  Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science  14:9-24.

Photo Credits:

Upper Left:       Photo courtesy of Garold W. Sneegas, copyright Garold W. Sneegas, Aquatic Kansas Images, http://www.nanfa.org/akiweb/AKI.htm.

Upper Right:     Photo courtesy of Konrad P. Schmidt, copyright Konrad P. Schmidt.