Iowa Fish Atlas

Native: Yes

State Rank: S5

ITIS Code: 168160          

National Rank: N5           

Global Rank: G5

Modeled By: Anna Loan-Wilsey

State Range:

The largemouth bass is abundant and widely distributed throughout Iowa, partially due to the fact that it has been stocked by the Iowa Department of Natural Resources into nearly every lake, reservoir and pond in the state (Harlan et al. 1987).  The largemouth bass occurs in interior rivers in every watershed in the state as well as throughout the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers.

Habitat Affinities:

The largemouth bass is found in a wide range of non-flowing, freshwater habitats from small creeks and large rivers to ponds, large lakes and impoundments (Cross and Collins 1995; Eddy and Underhill 1974; Etnier and Starnes 1993; Smith 1979; Trautman 1981). It thrives in moderately clear, warm, lentic waters with aquatic vegetation and substrates of mud, organic debris, gravel, sand or hard, non-flocculent clays (Cross and Collins 1995; Pflieger 1997; Trautman 1981). Pflieger (1997) and Robison and Buchanan (1988) found that the largemouth bass is intolerant of high turbidity and siltation but Etnier and Starnes (1993) report that it is more tolerant of turbidity and salinity than other basses.  In the northern states, the largemouth bass is most common in small to medium-sized lakes with clear water, sandy shores and abundant aquatic vegetation (Eddy and Underhill 1974; Phillips et. al. 1982). .  In Iowa, it is closely associated with the impounded waters of the Mississippi River, the channel stabilization structures in the Missouri River and the quiet waters of overflow oxbows and backwaters along interior rivers and streams (Harlan et al. 1987).  The largemouth bass requires non-shifting gravel or pebble substrates for spawning (Cross and Collins 1995; Robison and Buchanan 1988).

Predictive Model(s):

Statewide Model: by 8-digit HU [Decision Tree Analysis n=582]

The distribution is based upon existing collection records.

((("DLINKR" > 2 AND "DLINKR" <= 3) AND "SUBREGION_" <= 1 AND

"MINELEVR" <= 3) OR

(("DLINKR" > 2 AND "DLINKR" <= 3) AND "SUBREGION_" > 1 AND

"STRAHLER" > 3) OR

(( "DLINKR" > 3 AND "DLINKR" <= 4) AND "SUBREGION_" <= 1) OR

(( "DLINKR" > 4 AND "DLINKR" <= 5) AND "MAXELEVR" <= 3 AND

"SUBREGION_" <= 1) OR

( "DLINKR" > 5 AND "DLINKR" <= 6) OR

(( "DLINKR" > 6 AND "DLINKR" <= 7) AND "MAXELEVR" <= 2) OR

 "DLINKR" > 7)

Mississippi River Model:

The distribution is based upon existing collection records and professional review.

("pool" >= 'S08' AND "pool" <= 'S20')

Missouri River Model

The distribution is based upon existing collection records and professional review.

("pool" >= 'O17' AND "pool" <= 'O19')

Overall Prediction:

((("DLINKR" > 2 AND "DLINKR" <= 3) AND "SUBREGION_" <= 1 AND

"MINELEVR" <= 3) OR

(("DLINKR" > 2 AND "DLINKR" <= 3) AND "SUBREGION_" > 1 AND

"STRAHLER" > 3) OR

(( "DLINKR" > 3 AND "DLINKR" <= 4) AND "SUBREGION_" <= 1) OR

(( "DLINKR" > 4 AND "DLINKR" <= 5) AND "MAXELEVR" <= 3 AND

"SUBREGION_" <= 1) OR

( "DLINKR" > 5 AND "DLINKR" <= 6) OR

(( "DLINKR" > 6 AND "DLINKR" <= 7) AND "MAXELEVR" <= 2) OR

 "DLINKR" > 7)OR

("pool" >= 'S08' AND "pool" <= 'S20') OR ("pool" >= 'O17' AND "pool" <= 'O19')

Literature Cited:

Cross, F.B., and J.T. Collins.  1995.  Fishes in Kansas.  University of Kansas Natural History Museum, Public Education Series No. 14, Lawrence, Kansas.   315 pp.

Eddy, S., and J.C. Underhill.  1974.  Northern fishes; with special reference to the upper Mississippi Valley.  University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota.  414 pp.

Etnier, D.A., and W.E. Starnes.  1993.  The fishes of Tennessee.  University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee.  681 pp.

Harlan, J.R., E.B. Speaker, and J. Mayhew.  1987.  Iowa fish and fishing. Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa. 323pp.

Pflieger, W.L.  1997.  The fishes of Missouri.  Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City, Missouri.  372 pp.

Phillips, G.L., W.D. Schmid, and J.C. Underhill.  1982.  Fishes of the Minnesota region.  University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota.  248 pp.

Robison, H.W., and T.M. Buchanan. 1988.  Fishes of Arkansas.  University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, Arkansas.  536 pp.

Smith, P.W.  1979.  The fishes of Illinois.  University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois.  314 pp.

Trautman, M.B.  1981.  The fishes of Ohio.  Revised Edition.  Ohio State University Press in collaboration with the Ohio Sea Grant Program Center for Lake Erie Area Research,  Columbus, Ohio.  782 pp.

Data Sources:

Ackerman, G.L.  1964.  Cedar River survey above Prairie Creek station.  Unpublished

report.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Atchison, G.J., R.W. Bachmann, J.G., Nickum,  J.B. Barnumand, and M.B. Sandheinrich.

1986.  Aquatic biota associated with channel stabilization structures and abandoned channels in the middle Missouri River. Final Report.  Environmental and water quality operational studies.  Technical Report E-86-6.  Department of the Army, US Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C.

Barnickol, P.G., and W.C. Starrett.  1951.  Commercial and sport fishes of the

Mississippi River between Caruthersville, Missouri, and Dubuque, Iowa.  Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 25(Article 5):267-347.

Berry, C.R., D.L. Galat, and M.L. Wildhaber.  2004.  Fish distribution and abundance. 

Volume 3.  Population structure and habitat use of benthic fishes along the Missouri and lower Yellowstone rivers.  U.S. Geological Survey, Cooperative Units, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota.

Black Hawk Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Northwest

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Lake View, Iowa.

Bovbjerg, R.V., N.L. Pearsall, and M.L. Brackin.  1970.  A preliminary faunal study of

the upper Little Sioux River.  Iowa Academy of Science 77:177-184.

Bruce, J.  1976.  Des Moines River fisheries survey.  Project No.:76-II1-16. 1976

Fisheries Management Reports.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Call, R.E.  1890.  The fishes of the Des Moines basin.  Iowa Academy of Sciences 1 pt.2

(1890, 1891):43-56.

Chariton Fish Research Station.  2003.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Southeast

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Chariton, Iowa.

Clear Lake Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Northwest

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Clear Lake, Iowa.

Cleary, R.E.  1956.  Summary of the cooperative exploratory fishing operations in the

Wisconsin-Illinois-Iowa sections of the Mississippi River- 1956.  Job Description Investigations Projects.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Cleary, R.E.  1958.  Summary of 1958 electro-fishing surveys in pools 9 through 19-

Mississippi River.  Project F-53-R.   Job Description Investigations Projects.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Cleary, R.E., and  J. Hlavacek.  1957.  Summary of 1957 UMRCC exploratory fishing in

pools 8 to13.  Job Description Investigations Projects.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Cleary, R.E., and T.L. Moen.  1961.  The Iowa River chemical eradication study. 

Quarterly Biology Reports 13(1):38-40.

Cold Springs Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Southwest

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Lewis, Iowa.

Coon, D.M.  1971.  A fisheries survey of the upper Skunk River, Iowa.  Master’s thesis. 

Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. 

DeCook, R., and Cleary, R.E.  1960.  Fishing gear evaluation Mississippi River - 1960.

Job Description Investigations Projects.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Decorah Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Northeast

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Decorah, Iowa.

Dieterman, D., and C.R. Berry Jr.  1995.  The distribution and relative abundance of

fishes in the Big Sioux River, South Dakota: statewide fisheries investigations progress report.  South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota.

Dowell, V.  1981.  Collections in Cedar River Basin, 1956-1981.  University of Northern

Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa.

Ecological Analysts, Inc.  1984.  Operational ecological study in the Cedar River near

Duane Arnold Energy Center, January through December 1983.  EA Report IEL31.  Iowa Electrical Light and Power Company, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

Evermann, B.W., and U.O. Cox.  1896.  A report upon the fishes of the Missouri River

basin.  Report of United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries 20(1894):325-429.

Fairport Fish Management and Hatchery.  2003.  Field notes and unpublished reports.

Southeast Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Fairport, Iowa.

Gelwicks, G., J. Heitke, and G. Simmons.  2002.  Contemporary fish survey.  Iowa

Department of Natural Resources, Manchester, Iowa.

Goellner, K.E.  1976.  Field Notes: 1949-1976.  Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

Govro, K.C.  1977.  Effects of sewage effluent on fish in the Iowa River at Marshalltown.

Master’s thesis.  Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Gritters, S.A.  1997.  Evaluation of water quality, fish and macroinvertebrates in Rock

Creek.  Fish Management Investigations 1997 Annual Report.  Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Gritters, S.A., and L.M. Mauldin.  1993.  The status of the weed shiner (Notropis

texanus) in Pool 13 of the Upper Mississippi River System.  EMTC 93- S007.  Environmental Management Technical Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Onalaska, Wisconsin.

Guttenberg Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Northeast

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Guttenberg, Iowa.

Hansen, D.R., and R.J. Muncy.  1971.  Effects of stream channelization on fishes and

bottom fauna in the Little Sioux River, Iowa: Completion Report.  Project A-035-IA.  Iowa State Water Resources Research Institute, Ames, Iowa.

Harrison, H.M.  1951.  General survey of the Des Moines River below Des Moines.

Quarterly Biology Reports 3(3):32-45.

Harrison, H.M.  1958.  Preliminary report, Maple River studies.  Quarterly Biology

Report 11(1):10-16. 

Harrison, H.M.  1959.  Progress report of fish populations Humboldt study area.

Quarterly Biology Reports 11(2): 24-29.

Harrison, H.M.  1962.  The status of the fish population Humboldt study area-spring

1962.  Quarterly Biology Reports 14(2):1-6.

Harrison, H.M., C. O'Farrell, and T. Moen.  1961.  Progress report, renovation of the

Winnebago River, Iowa.  Quarterly Biology Reports 13(1):32-37.

Helms, D.R.  2000.  Addendum to fish and mussel surveys for the Hwy 1 corridor

between Iowa City and Mt. Vernon, Iowa (Cedar River and Rapid Creek).  Jacobs & Associates, Ames, Iowa.

Helms, D.R.  2000.  Fish and mussel surveys for the Hwy 1 corridor between Iowa City

and Mt. Vernon, Iowa.  Jacobs & Associates, Ames, Iowa.

Hesse, L.W., Q.L. Bliss, and G.J. Zuerlein.  1982.  Some aspects of the ecology of adult

fishes in the channelized Missouri River with special reference to the effects of two nuclear power generating stations.  Pages 224-277 in L.W. Hesse, G.L. Hergenrader, H.S. Lewis, S.D. Reetz, and A.B. Schlesinger, editors. The Middle Missouri River: a collection of papers on the biology with special reference to power station effects.  The Missouri River Study Group, Norfolk, Nebraska.

Hudson, J.L., and C. Larson.  2000.  An inventory of fish species in fifteen southwest

Iowa streams.  Fisheries Management Investigations 2000 Annual Report.  Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Huggins, D.,  B.W. Menzel,  D. Van Schmus, M. Lary, S.H. Wang, Lian, K. Higgins, D.

Bandi, and A. Cordry.  1996.  Assessment of the effects of nonpoint source pollution on the biotic integrity of Walnut Creek.  Kansas Biological Survey Report 73.  Central Plains Center for BioAssessment at the Kansas Biological Survey, Lawrence, Kansas.

Iowa Conservation Commission and Iowa Department of Natural Resources.  2002. 

Miscellaneous field notes from fish surveys, 1942, 1961, 1964, 1991.  Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Iowa State University Museum.  1985.  Collection of fishes catalog, 1878-1985.   Iowa

State University, Ames, Iowa.

Jones, D.T.  1928.  Fish collected in the vicinity of Vinton, Iowa.  Proceedings of the

Iowa Academy of Sciences 35:327-331.

Kallemeyn, L.W.  1977.  Fish and fish food organisms in various habitats of the Missouri

River in South Dakota, Nebraska, and Iowa.  FWS/OBS-77/25.  U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.

Kaminski, M.T.  1996.  Smallmouth bass habitat and fish community relationships in

central Iowa streams.  Master’s thesis.  Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

King, L.R., and K.D. Carlander.  1976.  A study of the effects of stream channelization

and bank stabilization on warmwater sport fish in Iowa: Subproject No. 3.  Some effects of short-reach stream channelization on fishes and fish food organisms in central Iowa warm water streams.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Contract 14-16-0008-745.  Iowa Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, Ames, Iowa.

Kline, D.  1988.  Fish sampling study: Iowa and Cedar Rivers, Fall 1988.  Unpublished

report.  Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Kline, D., J. Golden, and M. Wade.  1975.  Mississippi River fishery classification

survey.  Project 75-III-C-116.  Job Completion Reports.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Lake Darling Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Southeast

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Brighton, Iowa.  

Lake Darling Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes of data collected for the EPA. 

Southeast Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Brighton, Iowa.     

Lake Darling Fish Management.  2002.  Fish kill data.  Southeast Management District,

Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Brighton, Iowa.     

Lake MacBride Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports. 

Southeast Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Solon, Iowa.

Long Term Resource Monitoring Program.  2002.   Pool 13 database, 1990-2001.  Upper

Midwest Environmental Science Center, Bellevue, Iowa.

Lyon, D.  2002.  Personal communication.  Retired biology professor, Cornell College,

Mount Vernon, Iowa.

Manchester Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Northeast

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Manchester, Iowa.

Mayhew, J.  1965.  Pre-impoundment studies on the Chariton River in the vicinity of

Rathbun Dam and reservoir- Part I: Annotated list of fishes in the Chariton River and tributaries.  Quarterly Biology Reports 17(1):59-67.

Mayhew, J.  1965.  Pre-impoundment studies of the Chariton River in the vicinity of

Rathbun Dam and reservoir Part II: Species composition, age composition, and growth.  Quarterly Biology Reports 17(4):4-10.

McDonald, D.B.  1974.  Duane Arnold Energy Center, Cedar River baseline ecological

study.  Annual report, May 1972 through April 1973.  D.B. McDonald Research Inc, Iowa City, Iowa.

McDonald, D.B.  1975.  Duane Arnold Energy Center, Cedar River operational

ecological study.  Annual report, January 14, 1974 to December 31, 1974.  D.B. McDonald Research Inc, Iowa City, Iowa.

McDonald, D.B.  1978.  Duane Arnold Energy Center, Cedar River operational

ecological study.  Annual report, January 1977 to December 1977.  D.B. McDonald Research Inc, Iowa City, Iowa.

McDonald, D.B.  1980.  Duane Arnold Energy Center, Cedar River operational

ecological study.  Annual Report, January 1979 through December 1979.  D.B. McDonald Research Inc, Iowa City, Iowa.

McDonald, D.B.  1982.  Duane Arnold Energy Center, Cedar River operational

ecological study.  Annual Report, January 1981 through December 1981.  D.B. McDonald Research Inc, Iowa City, Iowa.

Meek, S.E.  1892.  Report upon the fishes of Iowa, based upon observations and

collections mad during 1889, 1890, 1891.  Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission 10(1890):217-248.

Meek, S.E.  1894.  Notes on the fishes of Western Iowa and Eastern Nebraska.  Bulletin

of the United States Fish Commission 14(1894):133-138.

Menzel, B.W.  1983.  Field notes: northeast.  Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  1983.  Field notes: western and southern.  Iowa State University, Ames,

Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  1984.  Field notes: Des Moines-Skunk.  Iowa State University, Ames,

Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  1984.  Field notes: Iowa-Cedar.  Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  1997.  Field notes: Topeka shiner survey.  Iowa State University, Ames,

Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  1998.  Field notes: Topeka shiner survey.  Iowa State University, Ames,

Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  1999.  Field notes: Topeka shiner survey, 1999 in-channel collections. 

Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  1999.  Field notes: Topeka shiner survey, 1999 off-channel collections. 

Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  2000.  Field notes: Topeka shiner survey, 2000 in-channel collections. 

Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Menzel, B.W.  2000.  Field notes: Topeka shiner survey, 2000 off-channel collections. 

Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Menzel, B.W., and H.L. Fierstine.  1976.  A study of the effects of stream channelization

and bank stabilization on warmwater sport fish in Iowa: Subproject No. 5.  Effects of long-reach stream channelization on distribution and abundance of fishes.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Contract 14-16-0008-745.  Iowa Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, Ames, Iowa.

Miller, L.R., and D.J. Herrig.  1990.  Evaluation of lowhead riffle construction on

riverine fish populations.  Fish Management Investigations Job Completion Report.  Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Milligan, J.  1987.  Stream fish surveys: Report of findings Iowa Army Ammunition

Plant, Middletown, Iowa. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Genoa, Wisconsin.

Molamphy, T.J.  1961.  Summary of 1961 electro-fishing surveys of Iowa waters of

Mississippi River.  Job Description Investigations Projects.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Molamphy, T.J., and R.E. Cleary.  1959.  Administrative summary electro-fishing survey

of Iowa waters of Mississippi River - May, 1959.   Job Description Investigations Projects.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Molamphy, T.J., and R.E. Cleary.  1960.  Administrative summary electro-fishing survey

of Iowa waters of Mississippi River - 1960.  Job Description Investigations Projects.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Molamphy, T.J., and R.E. Cleary.  1960.  Administrative summary of the 1960 trap-net

survey of Iowa waters of Mississippi River.  Job Description Investigations Projects.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Mount Mercy College Museum.  2002.  Vertebrate collection database report.  Mount

Mercy College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

Mt. Ayr Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Southwest

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Mt. Ayr, Iowa.

Museum of Natural History.  2002.  Freshwater fish collection.  Division of Zoology,

University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana.

Museum of Zoology.  2002.  Division of Fishes collection database.  University of

Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. http://www.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/. (May, 2002)

Nord, R.C.  1967.  A compendium of fishery information on the Upper Mississippi River.

Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, Rock Island, Illinois.

Olson, C.L.  1975.  Effects of chlorinated sewage effluent on fish in the Iowa River,

Marshalltown, Iowa.  Master’s thesis.  Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Olson, J.R.  1998.  Historic fish survey database.  Water Quality Bureau, Iowa

Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Page, L.M.  1982.  Field notes attached to letter addressed to Bruce Menzel, dated June

28, 1982.  State Natural History Survey Division, Section of Fauntistic Surveys and Insect Identification, Champaign, Illinois.

Paloumpis, A.A.  1958.  Responses of some minnows to flood and drought conditions in

an intermittent stream.  Iowa State College Journal of Science 32(4):547-561.

Paragamian, V.L.  1978.  Population dynamics of smallmouth bass in the Maquoketa

River and other Iowa streams: effects of habitat variation on the stream biota.  Project F-89-R-2, Study No. 602-1, Job No. 2.  Annual Performance Report.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Paragamian, V.L.  1979.  Population dynamics of smallmouth bass in the Maquoketa

River and other Iowa streams: effects of habitat variation on the stream biota.  Project F-89-R-2, Study No. 602-2, Job No. 2.  Annual Performance Report.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Paragamian, V.L.  1990.  Fish populations of Iowa rivers and streams.  Technical Bulletin

No. 3.  Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Phillips, G.S.  1989.  1989 foray: fisheries survey. Environmental Studies Laboratory,

Iowa Lakes Community College, Estherville, Iowa.

Putnam, T.  1974.  Pre-impoundment fish survey of the Des Moines River - Saylorville

Reservoir.  Project 74-IV-C-74.   Job Completion Reports.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Rathbun Fish Management and Hatchery.  2003.  Field notes and unpublished reports.

Southeast Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Moravia, Iowa.

Rausch, C.G., and R.V. Bovbjerg.  1973.  Fauna of the middle Little Sioux River and

comparison with upper and lower regions.  Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Sciences 80:111-116.

Robinson, D.J.  1959.  A brief electro-survey of the Iowa waters of the Missouri River. 

Quarterly Biology Reports 11(3):32-33.

Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History.  2002.  Division of Ichthyology

collection of fishes.  University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma.

Schacht, B.  1967.  Cedar River survey: letter and notes to Harry Harrison, dated August

2, 1967.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Schonmacher, R.  1962.  Trap-net and electro-fishing surveys in northeast Iowa, 1962.

Unpublished report.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Schwarz, J.  1973.  A pre-impoundment study of Walters Creek.  Project 73-IV-C-7.  Job

Completion Reports.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Smith, P.W,. and A.C. Lopinot.  1966.  The 1966 survey of fishes from the mouths of

Mississippi River tributaries, Appendix B, pp.226-233, Illinois State Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois.

Spirit Lake Fish Management.  2002.  Field notes and unpublished reports.  Northwest

Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Orleans, Iowa.

Sullivan, D.J.  2000.  Fish communities and their relation to environmental factors in the

Eastern Iowa Basins in Iowa and Minnesota, 1996.  Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4194.  U.S. Geological Survey, Iowa City, Iowa.

UMRCC.  1953.  Revised species list- northern section of the river.  Pages 19-32 in

Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Meeting, Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, Rock Island, Illinois.

UMRCC.  1964.  Proceedings of the twentieth annual meeting, January 7, 1964.  Upper

Mississippi River Conservation Committee, Rock Island, Illinois.

University of Iowa Hygienic Laboratory.  1985.  Calmus Creek water quality study: May-

August 1984.  No. 85-1.  Iowa Department of Water, Air and Waste Management, Des Moines, Iowa.

University of Nebraska State Museum.  2002.  Division of Zoology database report. 

University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Van Vooren, A.  1981.  Relative utilization of Mississippi River habitats as fish nursery

areas.  Project 81-III-C-11.  Job Completion Reports.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Wenke, T.L.  1965.  Some ecological relationships of mayflies, caddisflies, and fish in

the Mississippi River near Keokuk, Iowa.  Ph.D. dissertation.  Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Wilton, T., K. Krier, and J. Mootz.  2003.  Stream Biological Assessment Database.

Environmental Services Division, Water Quality Bureau, TMDL and Water Quality Assessment Section, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa.

Wnuk, M.  1984.  Site-specific criteria modification study: Ammonia study in the Iowa

River, Marshalltown, Iowa.  Water Resources Division, Iowa Department of Water, Air and Waste Management, Des Moines, Iowa.

Additional References:

Aadland, L.P.,  C.M. Cook, M.T. Negus, H.G. Drewes, and  C.S. Anderson.  1991.  Microhabitat preferences of selected stream fishes and community-oriented approach to instream flow assessments.  Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Section of Fisheries, Minneapolis, Minnesota.  142 pp.

Allan, R.C., and J. Romero.  1975.  Underwater observations of largemouth bass spawning and survival in Lake Mead. Pages 104-112 in R.H. Stroud and H. Clepper, editors.  Black bass biology and management.  Sport Fishing Institute, Washington, D.C.

Becker, G.C.  1983.  Fishes of Wisconsin.  University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. 1052 pp.

Bennett, G.W.  1974.  Ecology and management of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides.  North Central Division American Fisheries Society Special Publication  3:10-17.

Clay, W.M.  1975.  The fishes of Kentucky.  Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, Frankfort, Kentucky.  416 pp.

Clepper, H., editor. 1975.  Black bass biology and management. Sport Fishing Institute, Washington, D.C. x + 534 pp.

Coutant, C.C.  1975.  Responses of bass to natural and artificial temperature regimes. Pages 272-285 in R.H. Stroud and H. Clepper, editor.  Black Bass Biology and Management.  Sport Fishing Institute, Washington, D.C.

Dewey, M.R., and C.A. Jennings.  1994.  Factors limiting the distribution of larval and juvenile fishes in vegetated habitats of the upper Mississippi River.  National Biological Survey, National Fisheries Research Center, La Crosse, Wisconsin for the National Biological Survey, Environmental Management Technical Center, Onalaska, Wisconsin.  EMTC 94-S005. Part I, 61 pp. Part II, 19 pp.

Douglas, N.H.  1974.  Freshwater fishes of Louisiana.  Claitor’s Publishing Division, Sponsored by Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.  443 pp.

Dudley, R.G., and A.W. Eipper.  1975.  Survival of largemouth bass embryos at low dissolved oxygen concentrations. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 104:122-128.

Gelwicks, G.T.  1995.  Fish movement between the lower Missouri River and a managed floodplain wetland in Missouri.  Master’s thesis. University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. 190 pp.

Heidinger, R.C.  1975.  Life history and biology of the largemouth bass.  Pages 11-20 in R. H. Stroud and H. Clepper, editors.  Black Bass Biology and Management.  Sport Fishing Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Holland-Bartels, L.E., S.K. Littlejohn, and M.L. Huston.  1990.  A guide to larval fishes of the upper Mississippi River.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Fisheries Research Center, La Crosse, Wisconsin. 107 pp.

Kallemeyn, L.W., and  J. F. Novotny.  1977.  Fish and fish food organisms in various habitats of the Missouri River in South Dakota, Nebraska, and Iowa.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Publication FWS/OBS 77/25, Washington, D.C.  100 pp.

Kelly, G., editor.  1986.  Animal habitat relations handbook.  Missouri Department of Conservation and U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Jefferson City, Missouri.  293 pp.

Kramer, R.H., and L.L. Smith, Jr.  1960.  First-year growth of the largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoide (Lacepede) and some related ecological factors.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 89(2):222-238.

Lee, D.S., C.R. Gilbert, C.H. Hocutt, R.E. Jenkins, D.E. McAllister, and J.R. Stauffer, Jr.  1980.  Atlas of North American freshwater fishes.  North Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh, North Carolina.  867 pp.

Loomis, T.M.  1997.  Survey of the fishes and habitat in the upper Moreau River, Perkins County, South Dakota.  Master’s thesis, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota.  120 pp.

McCarraher, D.B.  1971.  Survival of some freshwater fishes in the alkaline eutrophic waters of Nebraska.  Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 28:1811-1814.

Mizzi, J.A.  1994.  Zooplankton, macroinvertebrate, herptile, and ichthyofaunal biodiversity of riverine habitat on the upper Missouri River.  Master’s thesis, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota.  130 pp.

Moyle, P.B.  1976.  Inland fishes of California.  University of California Press, Berkeley, California. 405 pp.

Mraz, D., S. Kmiotek, and L. Frankenberger.  1961.  The largemouth bass, its life history, ecology, and management. Wisconsin Conservation Department Publication 232. 15 pp.

Page, L.M., and B.M. Burr.  1991.  A field guide to freshwater fishes: North America north of Mexico.  Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. 432 pp.

Paragamian, V.L.  1978.  Food habits of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) at Big Creek Lake.  Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Sciences 85(1):31-34.

Pflieger, W.L.  1971.  A distributional study of Missouri fishes.  University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History  20(3):225-570.

Pflieger, W.L.  1989a.  Aquatic community classification system for Missouri.  Missouri Department of Conservation.  Jefferson City, Missouri.  Aquatic Series No. 19. 70 pp. plus Supplement.

Pflieger, W.L.  1989b.  The stream resources of Missouri.  D-J Project - F-1-R-28.  Study S-20.  Missouri Department of Conservation, Columbia, Missouri.  

Phillips, D.P., W.E. Childers, and G.S. Whitt.  1981.  Management implications for different genetic stocks of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) in the United States.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries Aquatic Science 38:1715-1723.

Reeves, W.C., M.J. Maceina, and V.J. Dicenzo.  1995.  Long-term genetic changes and growth of largemouth bass populations in Alabama public reservoirs.  Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources Final Report. F-40, Study xxii.  152 pp.

Regier, H.A. 1963.  Ecology and management of largemouth bass and golden shiners in farm ponds in New York. New York Fish and Game Journal 10(2):139-169.

Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea, and W.B. Scott.  1991.  Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada.  American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 20, Bethesda, Maryland. 183 pp.

Scott, W.B., and E. J. Crossman.  1973.  Freshwater fishes of Canada.  Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin No. 184, Ottawa, Canada.  966 pp.

Sheehan, R.J., W.M. Lewis, and  L.R. Bodensteiner.  1990.  Winter habitat requirements and overwintering of riverine fishes.  Southern Illinois Fisheries Research Laboratory, Carbondale, Illinois.  D-J Project F-79-R, Study 101.  234 pp.

Smale, M.A., and C. F. Rabeni.  1995.  Hypoxia and hyperthermia tolerances of headwater stream fishes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society  124:698-710.

Smith, S.M., and D. J. Orth.  1990.  Distributions of largemouth bass in relation to submerged aquatic vegetation in Flat Top Lake, West Virginia.  Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies  44:36-44.

Sowa, S.P., and C.F. Rabeni.  1995.  Regional evaluation of the relation of habitat to distribution and abundance of smallmouth bass and largemouth bass in Missouri Streams.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 124:240-251.

Spoor, W.A.  1977.  Oxygen requirements of embryos and larvae of the largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede).  Journal of Fish Biology 11(2):77-86.

Stewart, E.M., and  T.R. Finger.  1985.  Diel activity patterns of fishes in lowland hardwood wetlands.  Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science.  19:5-9.

Stewart, N.E., D.L. Shumway, and P. Doudoroff.  1967.  Influence of oxygen concentration on the growth of juvenile largemouth bass.  Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada  24(3):475-494.

Strawn, K.  1961.  Growth of largemouth bass fry at various temperatures.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 90:334-335.

Sublette, J.E., M.D Hatch, and M. Sublette.  1990.  The fishes of New Mexico.  University New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico.  393 pp.

Thom, R.H., and J.H. Wilson.  1980.  The natural divisions of Missouri.  Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science  14:9-24.

Timmons, T. J.  1984.  Comparitive food habits and habitat preference of age-0 largemouth bass and yellow perch in West Point Lake, Alabama-Georgia.  Proceedings of the Annual Conference of Southeastern Fish and Wildlife Agencies 38:302

Vogele, L.E., and W.C. Rainwater.  1975.  Use of brush shelters as cover by spawning black basses (Micropterus) in Bull Shoals Reservoir.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 104(2):264-269.

Whitmore, C.M., C.E. Warren, and P. Doudoroff.  1960.  Avoidance reactions of Salmonid and Centrarchid fishes to low oxygen concentrations.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 89(1):17-26.

Photo Credits:

Upper Left:       Photo courtesy of the Native Fish Conservancy, http://www.nativefish.org.

Upper Right:     Photo courtesy of Konrad P. Schmidt, copyright Konrad P. Schmidt.