Iowa Fish Atlas

Native: Yes

State Rank: S5

ITIS Code: 168167          

National Rank: N5           

Global Rank: G5

Modeled By: Anna Loan-Wilsey

State Range:

The black crappie is distributed throughout Iowa, though rare in the Missouri River basin in the western portion of the state.  It is common in clear rivers, natural lakes, reservoirs and backwater sloughs of the Mississippi River (Harlan et al. 1987). 

Habitat Affinities:

The principal requirements of the black crappie are clear water (Harlan et al. 1987), abundant cover in the form of submerged timber or aquatic vegetation (Becker 1983; Pflieger 1971; Robison and Buchanan 1988) and sandy or mucky bottoms (Trautman 1981).  The black crappie has adapted well to impoundments and reservoirs, particularly clear stream-fed arms of reservoirs (Robison and Buchanan 1988), with extensive growths of aquatic vegetation and little turbidity or siltation (Douglas 1974; Clay 1975; Etnier and Starnes 1993; Trautman 1981). In Wisconsin, the black crappie prefers clear, deep, cool waters (Schneberger 1972).  Whereas in Ohio, small populations are present in base or low gradient portions of large streams (Trautman 1981).

Predictive Model(s):

Statewide Model: by 8-digit HU [Decision Tree Analysis n=172]

The distribution is based upon existing collection records.

("TEMP_CODE" = 2 AND

((( "STRAHLER" > 1 AND "STRAHLER" <= 2) AND "MAXELEVR" <= 1) OR

(( "STRAHLER" > 1 AND "STRAHLER" <= 2) AND "MAXELEVR" > 1 AND

"SOIL_TEXT" >9) OR

(( "STRAHLER" > 2 AND "STRAHLER" <= 3 ) AND "DSIZE_CODE" > 4 ) OR

( "STRAHLER" > 3 AND "STRAHLER" <= 4 ) AND (("SOIL_TEXT" > 1 AND

"SOIL_TEXT" <= 3 ) OR ("SOIL_TEXT" > 4 AND "SOIL_TEXT" <= 6)) OR

(( "STRAHLER" > 4 AND "STRAHLER" <= 5 ) AND "SUBREGION_" > 1) OR

 "STRAHLER" > 5 ))

Mississippi River Model:

The distribution is based upon existing collection records and professional review.

("pool" >= 'S08' AND "pool" <= 'S20')

Missouri River Model

The distribution is based upon existing collection records and professional review.

("pool" >= 'O17' AND "pool" <= 'O19')

Overall Prediction:

("TEMP_CODE" = 2 AND

((( "STRAHLER" > 1 AND "STRAHLER" <= 2) AND "MAXELEVR" <= 1) OR

(( "STRAHLER" > 1 AND "STRAHLER" <= 2) AND "MAXELEVR" > 1 AND

"SOIL_TEXT" >9) OR

(( "STRAHLER" > 2 AND "STRAHLER" <= 3 ) AND "DSIZE_CODE" > 4 ) OR

( "STRAHLER" > 3 AND "STRAHLER" <= 4 ) AND (("SOIL_TEXT" > 1 AND

"SOIL_TEXT" <= 3 ) OR ("SOIL_TEXT" > 4 AND "SOIL_TEXT" <= 6)) OR

(( "STRAHLER" > 4 AND "STRAHLER" <= 5 ) AND "SUBREGION_" > 1) OR

 "STRAHLER" > 5 ))

OR ("pool" >= 'S08' AND "pool" <= 'S20') OR ("pool" >= 'O17' AND "pool" <= 'O19')

Literature Cited:

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Clay, W.M.  1975.  The fishes of Kentucky.  Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, Frankfort, Kentucky.  416 pp.

Douglas, N.H.  1974.  Freshwater fishes of Louisiana.  Claitor’s Publishing Division, Sponsored by Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.  443 pp.

Etnier, D.A., and W.E. Starnes.  1993.  The fishes of Tennessee.  University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee.  681 pp.

Harlan, J.R., E.B. Speaker, and J. Mayhew.  1987.  Iowa fish and fishing. Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa. 323pp.

Pflieger, W.L.  1971.  A distributional study of Missouri fishes.  University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History  20(3):225-570.

Robison, H.W., and T.M. Buchanan. 1988.  Fishes of Arkansas.  University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, Arkansas.  536 pp.

Schneberger, E. 1972. The black crappie-its life history, ecology, and management. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Publication 243-72. 16 pp.

Trautman, M.B.  1981.  The fishes of Ohio.  Revised Edition.  Ohio State University Press in collaboration with the Ohio Sea Grant Program Center for Lake Erie Area Research,  Columbus, Ohio.  782 pp.

Data Sources:

Ackerman, G.L.  1964.  Cedar River survey above Prairie Creek station.  Unpublished

report.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Ackerman, G.L.  1965.  Raccoon River Survey.  Unpublished report.  Iowa Conservation

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Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Lake View, Iowa.

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pools 8 to13.  Job Description Investigations Projects.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

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study.  Annual Report, April 28, 1971 to April 24, 1972.  D.B. McDonald Research Inc, Iowa City, Iowa.

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Eastern Iowa Basins in Iowa and Minnesota, 1996.  Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4194, United States Geological Survey, Iowa City, Iowa.

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Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Meeting, Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, Rock Island, Illinois.

UMRCC.  1964.  Proceedings of the twentieth annual meeting, January 7, 1964.  Upper

Mississippi River Conservation Committee, Rock Island, Illinois.

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areas.  Project 81-III-C-11.  Job Completion Reports.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

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the Mississippi River near Keokuk, Iowa.  Ph.D. dissertation.  Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

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Additional References:

Aadland, L.P.,  C.M. Cook, M.T. Negus, H.G. Drewes, and  C.S. Anderson.  1991.  Microhabitat preferences of selected stream fishes and community-oriented approach to instream flow assessments.  Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Section of Fisheries, Minneapolis, Minnesota.  142 pp.

Cross, F.B., and J.T. Collins.  1995.  Fishes in Kansas.  University of Kansas Natural History Museum, Public Education Series No. 14, Lawrence, Kansas.   315 pp.

Eddy, S., and J.C. Underhill.  1974.  Northern fishes; with special reference to the upper Mississippi Valley.  University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota.  414 pp.

Gelwicks, G.T.  1995.  Fish movement between the lower Missouri River and a managed floodplain wetland in Missouri.  Master’s thesis. University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. 190 pp.

Huish, M.T.  1954.  Life history of the black crappie of Lake George, Florida.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 83:176-194.

Kallemeyn, L.W., and  J. F. Novotny.  1977.  Fish and fish food organisms in various habitats of the Missouri River in South Dakota, Nebraska, and Iowa.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Publication FWS/OBS 77/25, Washington, D.C.  100 pp

Kelly, G., editor.  1986.  Animal habitat relations handbook.  Missouri Department of Conservation and U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Jefferson City, Missouri.  293 pp.

Lee, D.S., C.R. Gilbert, C.H. Hocutt, R.E. Jenkins, D.E. McAllister, and J.R. Stauffer, Jr.  1980.  Atlas of North American freshwater fishes.  North Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh, North Carolina.  867 pp.

Loomis, T.M.  1997.  Survey of the fishes and habitat in the upper Moreau River, Perkins County, South Dakota.  Master’s thesis, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota.  120 pp.

Mitzner, L.R.  1995.  Effect of environmental factors and harvest restrictions upon the crappie, Pomoxis, sport fishery at Rathburn Lake.  Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Fish and Wildlife Division, Technical Bulletin No. 5.   40 pp.

Moyle, P.B.  1976.  Inland fishes of California.  University of California Press, Berkeley, California. 405 pp.

Page, L.M., and B.M. Burr.  1991.  A field guide to freshwater fishes: North America north of Mexico.  Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. 432 pp.

Pflieger, W.L.  1989a.  Aquatic community classification system for Missouri.  Missouri Department of Conservation.  Jefferson City, Missouri.  Aquatic Series No. 19. 70 pp. plus Supplement.

Pflieger, W.L.  1989b.  The stream resources of Missouri.  D-J Project - F-1-R-28.  Study S-20.  Missouri Department of Conservation, Columbia, Missouri.  

Pflieger, W.L.  1997.  The fishes of Missouri.  Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City, Missouri.  372 pp.

Phillips, G.L., W.D. Schmid, and J.C. Underhill.  1982.  Fishes of the Minnesota region.  University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota.  248 pp.

Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea, and W.B. Scott.  1991.  Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada.  American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 20, Bethesda, Maryland. 183 pp.

Rutledge, W.P.  1971.  A contribution towards a bibliography of the white crappie, Pomoxis annularis, and the black crappie, Pomoxis nigomaculatus. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Technical Series No. 6:15-35.

Scott, W.B., and E. J. Crossman.  1973.  Freshwater fishes of Canada.  Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin No. 184, Ottawa, Canada.  966 pp.

Sheehan, R.J., W.M. Lewis, and  L.R. Bodensteiner.  1990.  Winter habitat requirements and overwintering of riverine fishes.  Southern Illinois Fisheries Research Laboratory, Carbondale, Illinois.  D-J Project F-79-R, Study 101.  234 pp.

Thom, R.H., and J.H. Wilson.  1980.  The natural divisions of Missouri.  Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science  14:9-24.

Tibbs, J.E.  1995.  Habitat use by small fishes in the lower Mississippi River related to foraging by least terns, Sterna altillarum.  Master’s thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.  184 pp.

Photo Credits:

Upper Left:       Photo courtesy of the Native Fish Conservancy. http://www.nativefish.org

Upper Right:     Photo courtesy of Konrad P. Schmidt, copyright Konrad P. Schmidt.