Iowa Fish Atlas

Native: Yes

State Rank: S5

ITIS Code: 169364          

National Rank: N5           

Global Rank: G5

Modeled By: Anna Loan-Wilsey

State Range:

The freshwater drum reaches greatest abundance in large rivers, such as the Missouri and Mississippi, and can also be found in larger streams of the Central Plains Aquatic Subregion (Harlan et al. 1987). It is less common in the interior streams of the Eastern Broadleaf Forest Aquatic Subregion.  The freshwater drum can be found in the larger impoundments, reservoirs and deep, natural lakes in the state (Harlan et al. 1987).

Habitat Affinities:

The freshwater drum is usually found in shallow or muddy areas of large lakes (Douglas 1974; Eddy and Underhill 1974), deep backwater pools of large rivers (Etnier and Starnes 1993; Robison and Buchanan 1988), and in reservoirs at depths of 30 ft or more (Pflieger 1997). The freshwater drum avoids high-gradient streams (Clay 1975), waters with swift current (Harlan et al. 1987) and shallow, weedy areas (Becker 1983), but can tolerate high turbidity (Harlan et al. 1987; Pflieger 1997; Smith 1979; Trautman 1981). The freshwater drum feeds near the bottom and spawns in open waters (Phillips et. al. 1982).

Predictive Model(s):

Statewide Model: by 8-digit HU [Decision Tree Analysis n=135]

The distribution is based upon existing collection records and professional review.

("TEMP_CODE" = 2 AND

  ((("STRAHLER" > 1 AND "STRAHLER" <= 2) AND (("SDISCR_11C" > 3 AND

"SDISCR_11C" <=4) OR "SDISCR_11C" > 6)) OR

  (("STRAHLER" > 2 AND "STRAHLER" <= 3) AND "SOIL_TEXT" >9) OR

  (("STRAHLER" > 3 AND "STRAHLER" <= 4) AND "SDISCR_5C" <= 0 AND

"SOIL_TEXT" > 8) OR

  (("STRAHLER" > 3 AND "STRAHLER" <= 4) AND "SDISCR_5C" > 1) OR

  (("STRAHLER" > 4 AND "STRAHLER" <= 5) AND "MAXELEVR" <= 1) OR

   "STRAHLER" > 5))

Mississippi River Model:

The distribution is based upon existing collection records and professional review.

("pool" >= 'S08' AND "pool" <= 'S20')

Missouri River Model

The distribution is based upon existing collection records and professional review.

("pool" >= 'O17' AND "pool" <= 'O19')

Overall Prediction:

("TEMP_CODE" = 2 AND

((( "STRAHLER" > 1 AND "STRAHLER" <= 2) AND (("SDISCR_11C" > 3 AND "SDISCR_11C" <=4) OR "SDISCR_11C" > 6)) OR

(( "STRAHLER" > 2 AND "STRAHLER" <= 3) AND "SOIL_TEXT" >9) OR

(( "STRAHLER" > 3 AND "STRAHLER" <= 4) AND "SDISCR_5C" <= 0 AND "SOIL_TEXT" > 8) OR

(( "STRAHLER" > 3 AND "STRAHLER" <= 4) AND "SDISCR_5C" > 1) OR

(( "STRAHLER" > 4 AND "STRAHLER" <= 5) AND "MAXELEVR" <= 1) OR

 "STRAHLER" > 5)) OR ("pool" >= 'S08' AND "pool" <= 'S20') OR ("pool" >= 'O17' AND "pool" <= 'O19')

Literature Cited:

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Clay, W.M.  1975.  The fishes of Kentucky.  Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, Frankfort, Kentucky.  416 pp.

Douglas, N.H.  1974.  Freshwater fishes of Louisiana.  Claitor’s Publishing Division, Sponsored by Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.  443 pp.

Eddy, S., and J.C. Underhill.  1974.  Northern fishes; with special reference to the upper Mississippi Valley.  University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota.  414 pp.

Etnier, D.A., and W.E. Starnes.  1993.  The fishes of Tennessee.  University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee.  681 pp.

Harlan, J.R., E.B. Speaker, and J. Mayhew.  1987.  Iowa fish and fishing. Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa. 323pp.

Pflieger, W.L.  1997.  The fishes of Missouri.  Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City, Missouri.  372 pp.

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Data Sources:

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Mississippi River between Caruthersville, Missouri, and Dubuque, Iowa.  Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 25(Article 5):267-347.

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Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Lake View, Iowa.

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the upper Little Sioux River.  Iowa Academy of Science 77:177-184.

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Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Clear Lake, Iowa.

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Cleary, R.E,. and  J. Hlavacek.  1957.  Summary of 1957 UMRCC exploratory fishing in

pools 8 to13.  Job Description Investigations Projects.  Iowa Conservation Commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

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Southeast Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Brighton, Iowa.     

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Management District, Fisheries Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Mt. Ayr, Iowa

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Rausch, C.G., and R.V. Bovbjerg.  1973.  Fauna of the middle Little Sioux River and

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Additional References:

Barnickol, P.G. and W.C. Starrett.  1951.  Commercial and sport fishes of the Mississippi River between Caruthersville, Missouri, and Dubuque, Iowa.  Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey 25(5):267-350.

Cross, F.B., and J.T. Collins.  1995.  Fishes in Kansas.  University of Kansas Natural History Museum, Public Education Series No. 14, Lawrence, Kansas.   315 pp.

Cvancara, V.A., S.F. Stieler, and B.A. Cvancara.  1977.  A summer temperature tolerance of selected species of Mississippi River acclimated young of the year fishes.  Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology: A-Comparative Physiology  56(1):81-85.

Daiber, F.C.  1953.  The life history and ecology of the sheepshead, Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque, in Western Lake Erie.  Dissertation Abstract 64:131-136.

Dendy, J.S.  1946.  Further studies of depth distribution of fish, Norris Reservoir, Tennessee.  Report of Reelfoot Lake Biological Station 10:94-104.

Dewey, M.R., and C.A. Jennings.  1994.  Factors limiting the distribution of larval and juvenile fishes in vegetated habitats of the upper Mississippi River.  National Biological Survey, National Fisheries Research Center, La Crosse, Wisconsin for the National Biological Survey, Environmental Management Technical Center, Onalaska, Wisconsin.  EMTC 94-S005. Part I, 61 pp. Part II, 19 pp.

Echelle, A.A., and G.D. Schnell.  1976.  Factor analysis of species associations among fishes of the Kiamichi River, Oklahoma.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 105(1):17-31.

Edsall, T.A.  1967.  Biology of the freshwater drum in western Lake Erie.  Ohio Journal of Science 67(6):321-340.

Forbes, S.A., and R.E. Richardson.  1920.  The fishes of Illinois.  Natural History Survey of Illinois, Springfield, Illinois.  Volume 3,  357 pp.

Gelwicks, G.T.  1995.  Fish movement between the lower Missouri River and a managed floodplain wetland in Missouri.  Master’s thesis. University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. 190 pp.

Grisak, G.G.  1996.  The status and distribution of the sicklefin chub in the middle Mississippi River, Montana. Master’s thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana.  88 pp.

Holland, L.E.  1986.  Distribution of early life history stages of fishes in selected pools of the upper Mississippi River.  Hydrobiologia 136: 121-130.

Kallemeyn, L.W., and  J. F. Novotny.  1977.  Fish and fish food organisms in various habitats of the Missouri River in South Dakota, Nebraska, and Iowa.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Publication FWS/OBS 77/25, Washington, D.C.  100 pp.

Kelly, G., editor.  1986.  Animal habitat relations handbook.  Missouri Department of Conservation and U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Jefferson City, Missouri.  293 pp.

Lee, D.S., C.R. Gilbert, C.H. Hocutt, R.E. Jenkins, D.E. McAllister, and J.R. Stauffer, Jr.  1980.  Atlas of North American freshwater fishes.  North Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh, North Carolina.  867 pp.

Nelson, J.S.  1984.  Fishes of the world. Second edition.  John Wiley and Sons, New York.  523 pp.

Page, L.M., and B.M. Burr.  1991.  A field guide to freshwater fishes: North America north of Mexico.  Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. 432 pp.

Pflieger, W.L.  1971.  A distributional study of Missouri fishes.  University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History  20(3):225-570.

Pflieger, W.L.  1989a.  Aquatic community classification system for Missouri.  Missouri Department of Conservation.  Jefferson City, Missouri.  Aquatic Series No. 19. 70 pp. plus Supplement.

Pflieger, W.L.  1989b.  The stream resources of Missouri.  D-J Project - F-1-R-28.  Study S-20.  Missouri Department of Conservation, Columbia, Missouri.  

Phelps, A., C.B. Renaud, and F. Chapleau.  2000. First record of a freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens, in the Rideau River, Ottawa, Ontario.  Canadian Field-Naturalist 114:121-125.

Priegel, G.R.  1967.  The freshwater drum-its life history, ecology, and management.  Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Publications 236. 15 pp.

Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea, and W.B. Scott.  1991.  Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada.  American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 20, Bethesda, Maryland. 183 pp.

Scott, W.B., and E. J. Crossman.  1973.  Freshwater fishes of Canada.  Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin No. 184, Ottawa, Canada.  966 pp.

Sheaffer, W.A., and J.G. Nickum.  1986.  Backwater areas as nursery habitats for fishes in pool 13 of the upper Mississippi River.  Hydrobiologia 136:131-140.

Sheehan, R.J., W.M. Lewis, and  L.R. Bodensteiner.  1990.  Winter habitat requirements and overwintering of riverine fishes.  Southern Illinois Fisheries Research Laboratory, Carbondale, Illinois.  D-J Project F-79-R, Study 101.  234 pp.

Swedburg, D.V., and C.H. Walburg.  1970.  Spawning and early life history of the freshwater drum in Lewis and Clark Lake, Missouri River.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 99(3):560-570.

Thom, R.H., and J.H. Wilson.  1980.  The natural divisions of Missouri.  Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science  14:9-24.

Tibbs, J.E.  1995.  Habitat use by small fishes in the lower Mississippi River related to foraging by least terns, Sterna altillarum.  Master’s thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.  184 pp.

Photo Credits:

Upper Left:       Photo courtesy of Konrad P. Schmidt, copyright Konrad P. Schmidt.

Upper Right:     Photo courtesy of Konrad P. Schmidt, copyright Konrad P. Schmidt.